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61.
62.
A series of five experiments examined the effects of irrelevant speech on proofreading and memory. Four of the experiments used a proofreading task and showed that the deleterious effects of irrelevant speech: (1) depend on the speech being meaningful, (2) are only present when the burden on short-term memory is low and (3) are manifested in a lower detection rate for non-contextual as opposed to contextual errors. Neither the spatial location of the speech (either in terms of spatial dispersion of sources or spatial movement of a single source) nor the intensity of the speech (in a range bounded by 50 dB(A) and 70 dB(A)) had any effect on proofreading. Late selection models of attention are favoured by the results in preference to models having arousal, short-term memory or early selection in attention as their basis. A final experiment showed serial recall for visual lists to be impaired by the presence of any speech-like sound (including reversed speech and speech in an unfamiliar language) which suggests a set of phenomena qualitatively different from those associated with proofreading. Throughout the article the practical consequences of the findings are emphasized. 相似文献
63.
Raymond A. Noe Jolanta Sears Angela M. Fullenkamp 《Journal of business and psychology》1990,4(3):317-328
Training effectiveness is often reduced because trainees are unable to deal with work environment and interpersonal constraints. Incorporating relapse prevention strategies into training programs has been suggested as a method to increase training effectiveness. This study evaluates the impact of including a relapse prevention component in a supervisory skills training program. The results suggest that relapse prevention strategies may be valuable for increasing trainees' awareness of situations where new skill usage is relevant and facilitating managers' involvement in the development of new skills.Portions of this paper were presented at the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychology Annual Meeting, April 22–23, 1988 in Dallas, Texas. 相似文献
64.
Diana D. Raymond Peter W. Dowrick Chris L. Kleinke 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1993,6(3):193-200
Despite the growing popularity of watching oneself on videotape, little systematic research has been conducted determine viewers' affective responses to video replay. This study addresses the question: what affective responses do women have when they view themselves for the first time on unedited videotape, in comparison to their responses when they view a peer or nature scenes on videotape? Affective responses were measured in three ways: self-report, physiological, and behavioral. Subjects who viewed themselves reported more negative feelings and anxiety, and smiled more frequently than subjects who watched another person or nature scenes on video. Subjects with high private self-consciousness had higher mean arterial blood pressures when viewing themselves than did subjects with low private self-consciousness. Overall, the implications for seeing oneself on video point to potential embarrassment but generally moderate effects. 相似文献
65.
Stewart E. Cooper Raymond M. O'Connor 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1993,71(6):651-660
Although consultation researchers and practitioners have called attention to the need for more psychometrically sound instruments, little advancement has occurred in this area. The authors outline key quantitative and qualitative psychometric standards for organizational consultation assessment and evaluation instruments. In addition, a framework and review of several existing questionnaires are presented. Implications for instrument use by practitioners and suggestions for further research are discussed. 相似文献
66.
67.
C. Ward Siruthers Judith G. Chipperfield Raymond P. Perry 《Journal of applied social psychology》1993,23(19):1619-1637
There is growing evidence to suggest that the ways in which people think about their health problems may have significant implications for psychological and physical well-being. This possibility has the greatest consequences for those groups facing health problems on a daily basis, in particular, the elderly. This study examined the role of perceived health barriers and value for health in later life. A Perceived Health Barriers (absent, present) by Health Value (low, medium, high) 2.3 factorial design was analyzed for younger and older seniors on: number of life-threatening diseases, need for health care, and life satisfaction. In addition, a longitudinal design was used to examine the joint roles of perceived health barriers (PHBs) and health value (HV) on mortality. Findings generally indicated that individuals’ PHBs and HV are associated with health-related outcomes; however, the results differed for young and old elders. Among young elders, those with PHBs and those with high HV had the most negati e profile. That is, they had more diseases, higher health care needs, and lower life satisfaction. Among older elders, the findings were more complicated in that the relationship between PHB and the outcomes depended on HV. Overall, the patterns for old elders suggest that perceived health barriers are most relevant among those with medium value for health and least relevant among those with low value for health. 相似文献
68.
Gerd Bohner Christina Weisbrod Paula Raymond Alexandra Barzvi Norbert Schwarz 《European journal of social psychology》1993,23(6):561-579
In two experiments, conducted in Germany and the U.S.A., it was found that exposure to a rape report lowered self-esteem and positive affect in women who do not accept ‘rape myths’ (stereotypical beliefs which blame the victim and exonerate the rapist; Burt, 1980). Men high in rape myth acceptance (RMA) showed an increase in positive affect and self-esteem as a function of exposure to rape; men low in RMA and women high in RMA were largely unaffected. Both experiments demonstrated that these effects were specific to rape, as opposed to violence in general. These results support the feminist hypothesis that the threat of rape serves the function to exert social control over women and to sustain men's dominance. Potential cognitive mechanisms mediating the observed effects are discussed. 相似文献
69.
This section draws attention to occupational stress and suggests ways in which psychologists can apply their knowledge of research methods and treatment to this issue. In this article, the past and present role of psychologists in occupational stress is examined and ways in which psychologists might play a more central role are proposed. Although industrial/organizational and health psychology are most obviously applicable to the study of workplace wellness, more focused attention and wider application of knowledge from other subspecialities are also examined. The need for increased attention to work and family; race, class, and gender; and training and public policy issues are also discussed. 相似文献
70.
Raymond Bruyer 《International journal of psychology》1990,25(2):229-236
This General Discussion surveys studies on asymmetry and neuropsychological deficits in the production of several kinds of facial activities, with the main purpose of scrutinizing the field in search of its contribution to neuropsychology considered as a particular domain (or method) of cognitive psychology. In this respect, four points are emphasized: the object of research (cognitive processes, not brain mechanisms), the information-processing approach of a complex process of which the facial behavior is only the overt end-product, the specificity of mechanisms underlying facial expression, and the single-case methodology. 相似文献