Recall of grammatical relations within clause-containing sentences

Two major findings were obtained in a study of college students' recall of meaningful grammatical relations within sentences: (1) verb-object relations in object focus relative clauses were recalled less accurately than verb-object relations in subject focus relative clauses, thus supporting the hypothesis that permuted word order in certain relative clauses interferes with adequate encoding of underlying grammatical relations, and (2) subject-verb relations in nested sentences in which a relative clause intervened between subject and verb (nested sentences) were retained in memory as accurately as uninterrupted subject-verb relations (not nested sentences).     

Auditory and visual confusions: Evidence against simple modality encoding hypotheses

Using both recognition and recall responses, confusion and intrusion errors were obtained for briefly exposed 11-letter strings. The patterns of errors were sharply dependent upon experimental variables. In Experiment I Ss made auditory and visual intrusions with recall, but neither with recognition. In Experiment II increasing exposure time and eliminating a poststimulus cue primarily increased auditory confusions. This suggests that auditory and visual confusions reflect strategy-contingentrecoding rather than modality-specificencoding.     

APDA: A discontiguous S-R automated primate discrimination apparatus

The present paper describes a discontiguous S-R automated primate discrimination apparatus (APDA) designed to eliminate the stimulus sampling biases associated with previous manual and automated testing procedures and at the same time to provide greater specification of the S's intratrial discrimination behavior. Data from two simultaneous color discrimination problems are summarized as an evaluation of the current design.     

Evaluation of factor analytic research procedures by means of simulated correlation matrices

In order to study the effectiveness of factor analytic methods, a procedure was developed for computing simulated correlation matrices which are more similar to real data correlation matrices than are those matrices computed from the factor analysis structural model. In the present investigation, three methods of factor extraction were studied as applied to 54 simulated correlation matrices which varied in proportion of variance derived from a major factor domain, number of factors in the major domain, and closeness of the simulation procedure to the factor analysis structural model. While the factor extraction methods differed little from one another in quality of results for matrices more dissimilar to the factor analytic model, major differences in quality of results were associated with fewer factors in the major domain, higher proportion of variance from the major domain, and closeness of the simulation procedure to the factor analysis structural model.The research was jointly supported by the University of Illinois and the office of Naval Research under contracts Nonr 1834(39) and N00014-67-A-0305-0003.     

Response time to the second of two signals following varied vs constant intersignal intervals

The Ss made choice responses under three experimental conditions: (1) a variable interval between the warning signal and the signal to respond, (2) a constant interval between the warning signal and the signal to respond, and (3) omission of the warning signal. With variable intersignal intervals (lSI), response time (RT) was inversely related to lSI at least when the latter was in the 10 to 225 msec range. When lSI was constant its duration had no perceptible effect on RT. RT tended to be shorter with constant lSI. independent of its duration, than when the warning signal was omitted altogether.     

On the standard error of the modified biserial correlation

A paradoxical implication of Kraemer's expression for the large-sample standard error of Brogden's form of the biserial correlation is identified, and a new expression is given which does not imply the paradox. However, numerical evidence is presented which calls into question the correctness of the expression.     

Job Satisfaction and Nonwork Satisfaction as Components of Life Satisfaction1

The relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction is examined, using regression analyses which control the effects of satisfaction with domains other than the job and conditions associated with the workplace and with life away from work. Results from data analyses of two independent sets of survey data are used to elaborate and refine a multivariate framework for relating overall life satisfaction and job satisfaction.     

THE EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF SONOROUS BREATHING

Loud snoring is a noxious habit and potential personal health risk. We are reporting the first experimental study of simple behavioral techniques for the modification of chronic snoring. Twenty-four volunteers participated in a repeated measures, randomized group design over 2 weeks of intervention and one-month follow-up. Treatment groups included a contingent-awakening and breathing retraining (self-control) condition. Both treatment groups were compared to a no-treatment control. Despite considerable intrasubject variability and the lack of an adequate attention-placebo control group, objective assessment indicated a substantial reduction in snoring amplitude and frequency in both treatment groups. Follow-up assessments further demonstrated maintenance of change. This study has implications for modification of sleep habit disorders and learning without awareness.     

Morality andin vitro fertilization

The question of the morality ofin vitro fertilization is examined. One of the central questions to be answered is whether the zygote loss that seems inseparable from the process is morally justified. Even when embryo transfer occurs, many zygotes which have been intentionally created are intentionally destroyed; they are used as means to the alleged benefits that others will attain (the benefit to the infertile couple, to the child produced by the process, and to those who might benefit from the increase of genetic knowledge that allegedly will occur fromin vitro research). The justifications advanced in defense of early abortion are discussed, and it is shown that these justifications must be totally distinct from those advanced in support ofin vitro fertilization. A theory of values is proposed which shows why a set of reasons may justify early abortion, but not an abortion late in the pregnancy. This theory states that the value characteristics of an entity are notidentical to the characteristics which make the entityhuman. It is concluded that if certain key empirical assumptions are correct, then in vitro fertilization is a morally permissible process; however, the falsity of these assumptions, or the unsoundness of the theory of value, might well result in a reversal of this judgment.