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91.
Hota SK Barhwal K Ray K Singh SB Ilavazhagan G 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,89(4):522-532
Exposure to high altitude is known to cause impairment in cognitive functions in sojourners. The molecular events leading to this behavioral manifestation, however, still remain an enigma. The present study aims at exploring the nature of memory impairment occurring on chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia and the possible role of glutamate in mediating it. Increased ionotropic receptor stimulation by glutamate under hypobaric hypoxic conditions could lead to calcium mediated excitotoxic cell death resulting in impaired cognitive functions. Since glutamate is cleared from the synapse by the Glial Glutamate Transporter, upregulation of the transporter can be a good strategy in preventing excitotoxic cell death. Considering previous reports on upregulation of the expression of Glial Glutamate Transporter on ceftriaxone administration, the therapeutic potential of ceftriaxone in ameliorating hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment was investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to an altitude of 7600 m for 14 days lead to oxidative stress, chromatin condensation and neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. This was accompanied by delayed memory retrieval as evident from increased latency and pathlength in Morris Water Maze. Administration of ceftriaxone at a dose of 200 mg/kg for 7 days and 14 days during the exposure on the other hand improved the performance of rats in the water maze along with decreased oxidative stress and enhanced neuronal survival when compared to hypoxic group without drug administration. An increased expression of Glial Glutamate Transporter was also observed following drug administration indicating faster clearance of glutamate from the synapse. The present study not only brings to light the effect of longer duration of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on the memory functions, but also indicates the pivotal role played by glutamate in mediating excitotoxic neuronal degeneration at high altitude. The therapeutic potential of ceftriaxone in providing neuroprotection in excitotoxic conditions by increasing Glial Glutamate Transporter expression and thereby enhancing glutamate uptake from the synapse has also been explored. 相似文献
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Ray W. Christner Elizabeth Forrest Jessica Morley Elana Weinstein 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2007,37(3):175-183
This paper offers an overview using cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) within a school system. In addition to providing services
to individual students, this article provides an overview of implementing CBT into a system of school-wide mental health services.
Interventions are discussed at three levels—universal school-wide interventions, target interventions with at-risk students,
and intensive interventions with students in need. Examples of specific programs or intervention are given for each level. 相似文献
96.
Ray Harris 《Journal of Adult Development》2007,14(3-4):112-121
The Jungian concept of archetypes when aligned with a developmental perspective provides an important analytical tool. It allows many terrorist acts to be read as capture by the archetype of the Terrible Father as a rebellion against the anima archetype of civilization. 相似文献
97.
We present an interface connecting the ACL2 theorem prover with external deduction tools. The ACL2 logic contains several mechanisms for proof structuring, which are important to the construction of industrial-scale proofs. The complexity induced by these mechanisms makes the design of the interface challenging. We discuss some of the challenges, and develop a precise specification of the requirements on the external tools for a sound connection with ACL2. We also develop constructs within ACL2 to enable the developers of external tools to satisfy our specifications. The interface is available with the ACL2 theorem prover starting from Version 3.2, and we describe several applications of the interface. 相似文献
98.
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - 相似文献
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Ray C. Rist 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1989,2(4):74-96
Increasingly complex methodological options, as well as growing sophistication of users, means that the formulation of a research
design prior to conducting an evaluation study is likely to be more demanding and time-consucting than previously. In fact,
one of the most difficult problems in the entire evaluation endeavor is the development of an appropriate design.. But the
issue is not only one of complexity—it is also one of the appropriateness of the designs to the questions at hand.
The concern of this article is with tightening the linkage between questions asked and answers given—making sure that the
design organizes and directs the evaluation efforts to provide relevant information germane to the needs of the policymakers.
By tightening this linkage, it is presumed that the findings from evaluation studies can gain increased legitimacy and use.
Appropriate uses and abuses of seven program evaluation designs are analyzed, stressing designs that are most appropriate
to the types of informational questions asked by policymakers.
Ray C. Rist is director of operations in the general government division of the United States General Accounting Office. He
was previously a professor at Cornell University and has authored or edited sixteen books and written nearly one hundred articles.
He is chair of the Working Group on Policy Evaluation whose members prepared the articles for this special symposium. 相似文献