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521.
We argue that the recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine’s 2011 report, Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity, are methodologically and ethically confused. We argue that a proper understanding of evolution and complexity theory in terms of the science and ethics of using chimpanzees in biomedical research would have had led the committee to recommend not merely limiting but eliminating the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Specifically, we argue that a proper understanding of the difference between the gross level of examination of species and examinations on finer levels can shed light on important methodological and ethical inconsistencies leading to ignorance of potentially unethical practices and policies regarding the use of animals in scientific research. 相似文献
522.
Inclusive victim consciousness predicts minority group members’ support for refugees and immigrants
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Johanna Ray Vollhardt Rashmi Nair Linda R. Tropp 《Journal of applied social psychology》2016,46(6):354-368
What motivates minority group members to support other minorities, rather than compete for resources? We tested whether inclusive victim consciousness —i.e., perceived similarities between the ingroup's and outgroups’ collective victimization—predicts support for other minority groups; and whether personal and family experiences of group‐based victimization moderate these effects. Study 1 was conducted among members of historically oppressed groups in India. As hypothesized, inclusive victim consciousness predicted support for refugees. Personal experiences of group‐based victimization moderated this effect. Conceptually replicating these findings, in Study 2 (among Vietnamese Americans, mostly second‐generation immigrants) inclusive victim consciousness predicted less hostility toward other refugees and immigrants, and greater perceived responsibility to help victims of collective violence. This effect was moderated by family experiences of victimization. 相似文献
523.
Receiving the results of genetic carrier testing may have an impact on the psychosocial health of the individual. Numerous
studies have been conducted to assess the psychosocial effects of carrier status for a range of conditions. To systematically
review research focused on the psychological and social impact of carrier testing on individuals in order to identify factors
affecting the impact of carrier testing results, and discern areas where further research is needed. Twenty relevant papers
meeting criteria for inclusion in this review were found. The main themes identified across these studies included: anxiety,
guilt and stigmatization, effect on family relationships, effect on self image, active coping mechanisms and reproductive
issues. Variables related to the psychosocial effect of carrier testing included whether the carrier has an affected child,
mode of inheritance, genetic counseling, and life stage. A key finding concerns carriers who already have an affected child;
they are more likely to experience guilt and self-blame, and change their reproductive plans compared to carriers without
affected children. Additionally, some participants reported clinical features of the disorder for which they were being tested.
Genetic counselors may erroneously assume that parents with affected children are aware of their own carrier status in the
absence of testing, and they may offer inadequate support. Additionally, counselors should attempt to address patient misconceptions
related to their health and carrier status. 相似文献
524.
Crowell SE Beauchaine TP Hsiao RC Vasilev CA Yaptangco M Linehan MM McCauley E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(1):45-57
Self-inflicted injury (SII) in adolescence marks heightened risk for suicide attempts, completed suicide, and adult psychopathology.
Although several studies have revealed elevated rates of depression among adolescents who self injure, no one has compared
adolescent self injury with adolescent depression on biological, self-, and informant-report markers of vulnerability and
risk. Such a comparison may have important implications for treatment, prevention, and developmental models of self injury
and borderline personality disorder. We used a multi-method, multi-informant approach to examine how adolescent SII differs
from adolescent depression. Self-injuring, depressed, and typical adolescent females (n = 25 per group) and their mothers completed measures of psychopathology and emotion regulation, among others. In addition,
we assessed electrodermal responding (EDR), a peripheral biomarker of trait impulsivity. Participants in the SII group (a)
scored higher than depressed adolescents on measures of both externalizing psychopathology and emotion dysregulation, and
(b) exhibited attenuated EDR, similar to patterns observed among impulsive, externalizing males. Self-injuring adolescents
also scored higher on measures of borderline pathology. These findings reveal a coherent pattern of differences between self-injuring
and depressed adolescent girls, consistent with theories that SII differs from depression in etiology and developmental course. 相似文献
525.
Niendam TA Laird AR Ray KL Dean YM Glahn DC Carter CS 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):241-268
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation,
inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades
have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been
suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct
executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to
analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function
measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal
anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions
are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the
recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal
ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the
brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive
functions. 相似文献
526.
We extend Gelfand and Realo’s (1999) argument that accountability motivates negotiators from relationally-focused cultures to use a more pro-relationship approach during negotiations. Our research shows that the effect they predict is found only when the other negotiating partner is an in-group member. Specifically, in two studies involving participants from China (a relationally-focused culture) and the US (a less relationally-focused culture), we found that only when negotiating with an in-group member are Chinese participants under high accountability more likely to use a pro-relationship approach than those under low accountability. Consequently, the differences between Chinese and American participants in the use of a pro-relationship approach occur only when they negotiate with an in-group member under high accountability. The strong attention to relationships, however, results in higher fixed-pie perceptions and lower joint gains. The implications of our findings for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
527.
Simon Hearn Gary Saulnier Janet Strayer Margarete Glenham Ray Koopman James E. Marcia 《Journal of Adult Development》2012,19(1):1-20
A new measure of Erikson’s final psychosocial stage, Integrity versus Despair, is presented and validated across two studies.
In the first, 97 adults (68 women and 31 men) aged 65 and older responded to this measure: the Self-Examination Interview
(SEI). Responses on the SEI were treated both categorically and dimensionally (continuous scores) with respect to four integrity
statuses: Integrated, Nonexploring, Pseudointegrated, and Despairing. In Study One, categorical and dimensional Integrity
statuses were examined in relation to five convergent measures: the Integrity subscale of the Modified Eriksonian Psychosocial
Inventory, Openness to Experience, the Competence subscale of the California Personality Inventory, the Geriatric Depression
Scale, and Perceived Health. As hypothesized, Integrated respondents were socially competent and resilient; Nonexploring persons
conventional; Pseudointegrated respondents immature; and Despairing persons, demoralized. A subsample of participants took
a semi-structured Adult Identity Status Interview. Integrated persons were most often Identity Achieved; Pseudointegrated
and Nonexploring persons were most often Foreclosed. Study Two evaluated a new sample of 70 persons (51 women and 19 men)
aged 70 and older. It generally confirmed the Integrity statuses developed in Study One, extending them to variables related
to complexity and maturity of sociomoral reasoning and thinking style. As expected, the Integrated status was negatively related,
and the Nonexploring status positively related, to intolerance for ambiguity. The highest levels of sociomoral reasoning occurred
most in the Integrated status group, as did dialectical reasoning. In contrast, the Nonexploring and Despairing statuses had
more formistic-mechanistic reasoners. Pseudointegrated persons produced the highest number of invalid protocols. The importance
of present findings and implications of these studies for future directions in integrity research are discussed. 相似文献
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