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141.
Conclusion The concept of divine forgiveness is incomprehensible to most, since it involves principles that defy rational interpretation on the level of human cognition. As a result, individuals, and especially those who present themselves for treatment, find themselves caught up in a repetition of self-judgment and selfpunishment, which is a reenactment of the original sin and the disobedience encountered in the Garden of Eden. It can be pointed out to patients that this continuous, repetitious acting out of the functions of self-judgment and selfpunishment represents the worst sin of all—the original sin in which the power and authority of God are usurped and assumed, resulting eventually in a denial of God along with symptoms that are often incapacitating. When these functions are returned to God, punishment can be expected to be much less severe and intense, because of the nature and characteristics of divine forgiveness.Ray O. Sexton, M.D., is a psychiatrist in private practice in Memphis, Tennessee, maintaining an active inpatient and outpatient practice of psychotherapy. He is a graduate of the University of Tennessee Center for Health Sciences and is a clinical instructor in psychiatry at the Center. He was a Duke University fellow in psychiatry and served with the U.S. Navy as a medical officer from 1969 to 1971.Richard C. Maddock, S.T.M., Ph.D., is an Episcopal priest and a licensed psychologist in Arkansas and in Tennessee. He has published a number of scholarly articles in the areas of social and clinical psychology and in the psychology of religion. He is a member of the American Psychological Association and various state and regional associations, at which he has presented scientifie papers. With Dr. Sexton, he maintains a private practice in Memphis, Tennessee. 相似文献
142.
143.
Response rates maintained by free-operant schedules are sometimes reduced when a brief signal is interposed between the response and reinforcer. Early interpretations of this rate reduction were in terms of associative competition between the response and signal, analogous to blocking and overshadowing effects obtained in Pavlovian conditioning. But subsequent evidence has disputed this interpretation by showing that the signal enhances response rate in several circumstances. The present study attempted to define the conditions determining the different effects by investigating the role of signal location in the delay-of-reinforcement interval. When it occurred immediately after a response, response rate was enhanced. When it occurred at the end of the delay interval, immediately preceding the reinforcer, the signal decreased response rate. A similar decremental effect occurred when the signal occurred in the middle of the delay interval, contiguous with neither the response nor the reinforcer. Similar blocking effects occurred with a response acquisition procedure. The results demonstrate that blocking effects do indeed occur in instrumental conditioning but that the usual procedure of using signals immediately contingent on responding confounds such blocking effects with the competing effects of conditioned reinforcement/marking. 相似文献
144.
Masking, aftereffect, and illusion paradigms were used to establish the spatial selectivity of curvature detectors in human vision. Arcs with the same chord orientation mask each other maximally when they are identical in radius and direction of curvature. There is gradual reduction in masking over an extensive spatial range as arcs diverge in curvature. The transition from convexity to concavity does not produce discontinuity in the masking function. The extent to which a straight line appears curved also depends on the curvature of arcs shown previously (aftereffect) or at the same time (illusion). It is suggested that these effects could occur through selective adaptation of detectors responsive to either global curvature or the orientation of local straight-line approximations within an arc. Evidence is reviewed in support of the latter interpretation. 相似文献
145.
Twelve continuously reinforced rats were extinguished in a modified operant chamber, with an SD for goal-approach after each bar-press. Three groups of twelve rats each trained under FR 10 were extinguished with the SD for goal-approach after every 6, 10, or 14-bar-presses, respectively. Results showed: (1) number of bar-presses to extinction was a direct function of the bar-press to SD ratio during extinction, (2) number of food or goal-approaches was independent of both training and extinction conditions, and (3) prior to the breakdown in discrimination a revised response-unit hypothesis, based on a discrimination analysis of the effect of intermittent reinforcement, accurately predicted the number of bar-presses for each FR group. 相似文献
146.
The hypothesis that induction of the McCollough effect (spatially selective color aftereffects) entails adaptation of monocularly driven detectors tuned to both spatial and color attributes of the visual stimulus was examined in four experiments. The McCollough effect could not be generated by displaying contour information to one eye and color information to the other eye during inspection, even in the absence of binocular rivalry. Nor was it possible to induce depth-specific color aftereffects following an inspection period during which random-dot stereograms were viewed, with crossed and uncrossed disparity seen in different colored light. Masking and aftereffect in the perception of stereoscopic depth were also nonselective to color; in both cases, perceptual distortion was controlled by stereospatial variables but not by the color relationship between the inspection and test stimuli. The results suggest that binocularly driven spatial detectors in human vision are insensitive to wavelength. 相似文献
147.
This paper presents a new methodological approach to classical Pavlovian investigations. Using a yoked group for stimulus pairing trial pacing, behavioral occurrence frequencies, sequential behavior patterns, and behavioral change dynamics are analyzed for rats in both a non-discriminative and a general setting discrimination paradigm. Theoretical issues addressed by a variety of new dependent measures are discussed, and a special emphasis is placed on comparing instrumental and classical procedures as viewed from the behavioral perspective of the subject. 相似文献
148.
C. L. M. Carnrike Jr. Phillip J. Brantley Barbara Bruce Shaista Faruqui Frank M. Gresham Ray R. Buss Thomas B. Cocke 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1988,10(2):107-116
The present study evaluated the concurrent validity of two assessment approaches for the measurement of cancer chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. The results indicated that the concurrent validity between the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis (MANE; Morrow, 1984b) and continuous self-monitoring and the reliability on the MANE were moderate. The heterotrait-monomethod and heterotrait-heteromethod matrices demonstrated moderate correlations among the frequency, severity, and duration of anticipatory nausea and vomiting as well as high correlations among the frequency, severity, and duration of posttreatment nausea and vomiting. Additionally, the heterotrait-monomethod matrices show a number of correlations above chance between anticipatory and posttreatment symptoms. The results are discussed in light of future research endeavors.This research was supported in part by Research Grant IN-150 from the American Cancer Society. 相似文献
149.
In this study, groups of ‘alcoholic’ subjects were independently rated as to their degree of dependence by a technique previously validated. The two groups of moderately and severely dependent subjects were then given the 101-item EPQ. In keeping with other similar studies, the data suggested that high N, high P and low E in men were related to the Clinical Alcohol Personality. Further analysis of these and other data suggest that whilst raised N scores may be a spurious artefact which is a consequence of heavy alcohol consumption, the E and P findings may reflect stable predispositions. There were no sex differences, but there was a major group difference on P, with both severely dependent men and women scoring significantly higher than their less dependent counterparts. 相似文献
150.
Ray Over 《Australian psychologist》1982,17(2):129-139
The research productivity of psychologists holding appointment in Australian universities was established at two times of measurement across groups defined with respect to chronological age and date of birth. The design allowed cross-sectional gradients to be contrasted over times of measurement, and longitudinal gradients to be compared across cohorts. Psychologists aged 26–35 years in 1970 showed no decline in publication rate between 1968–1970 and 1978–1980, while psychologists aged more than 35 years in 1970 showed a drop in research output over the 10-year period. However, a person's publication rate in 1978–1980 was better predicted by their past productivity (publication rate in 1968–1970) than by their age. These results are discussed in the context of factors that affect research productivity, as well as changes that will occur in the age distribution of Australian academics over the next 20 years. 相似文献