The Blood Brotherhoods

The Jungian concept of archetypes when aligned with a developmental perspective provides an important analytical tool. It allows many terrorist acts to be read as capture by the archetype of the Terrible Father as a rebellion against the anima archetype of civilization.     

Integrating external deduction tools with ACL2

We present an interface connecting the ACL2 theorem prover with external deduction tools. The ACL2 logic contains several mechanisms for proof structuring, which are important to the construction of industrial-scale proofs. The complexity induced by these mechanisms makes the design of the interface challenging. We discuss some of the challenges, and develop a precise specification of the requirements on the external tools for a sound connection with ACL2. We also develop constructs within ACL2 to enable the developers of external tools to satisfy our specifications. The interface is available with the ACL2 theorem prover starting from Version 3.2, and we describe several applications of the interface.     

Helping to improve the group stereotype: on the strategic dimension of prosocial behavior

Three studies consider a basis for intergroup helping. Specifically, they show that group members may help others to disconfirm a stereotype of their own group as mean. Study 1 shows that Scots believe they are seen as mean by the English, resent this stereotype, are motivated to refute it, and believe out-group helping is a particularly effective way of doing so. Study 2 shows that increasing the salience of the English stereotype of the Scottish as mean leads Scots to accentuate the extent to which Scots are depicted as generous. Study 3 shows that increasing the salience of the stereotype of the Scots as mean results in an increase in the help volunteered to out-group members. These results highlight how strategic concerns may result in out-group helping. In turn, they underscore the point that helping others may be a means to advance a group's interest.     

Process philosophy of religion

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion -     

On the application of program evaluation designs: Sorting out their use and abuse

Increasingly complex methodological options, as well as growing sophistication of users, means that the formulation of a research design prior to conducting an evaluation study is likely to be more demanding and time-consucting than previously. In fact, one of the most difficult problems in the entire evaluation endeavor is the development of an appropriate design.. But the issue is not only one of complexity—it is also one of the appropriateness of the designs to the questions at hand. The concern of this article is with tightening the linkage between questions asked and answers given—making sure that the design organizes and directs the evaluation efforts to provide relevant information germane to the needs of the policymakers. By tightening this linkage, it is presumed that the findings from evaluation studies can gain increased legitimacy and use. Appropriate uses and abuses of seven program evaluation designs are analyzed, stressing designs that are most appropriate to the types of informational questions asked by policymakers. Ray C. Rist is director of operations in the general government division of the United States General Accounting Office. He was previously a professor at Cornell University and has authored or edited sixteen books and written nearly one hundred articles. He is chair of the Working Group on Policy Evaluation whose members prepared the articles for this special symposium.     

Time decay of auditory stream biasing

In an experiment designed to investigate the time decay of auditory stream biasing (ASB), subjects were required to listen to a 10-sec induction sequence of repeated tones (AAAA …) designed to bias the listener’s percept toward hearing an A stream. The induction sequence was followed immediately by a silent interval (0–8 sec), and then a short ABAB … test sequence. To measure the amount of ASB remaining at the end of the silent interval, subjects were asked to indicate whether the test sequence was temporally coherent or had segregated into separate A and B streams. A plot of the mean number of segregation responses against silent-interval duration indicated that the overall time decay of ASB can be described by an exponential decay function with a time constant of t = 3.84 sec, with musicians having a longer time constant (τ = 7.84 sec) than nonmusicians (τ = 1.42 sec). The length of the time constants for musicians and nonmusicians suggests that the mechanism responsible for ASB is associated with long auditory storage and that future experiments investigating auditory streaming phenomena should use interstimulus intervals of at least 8 sec.     

Counselling older adults: Issues and awareness

This paper explores understanding and awareness among counsellors and counselling psychologists, of work with older people. The result of a piece of reasarch on this topic are presented. These tentatively confirm a relative lack of interest and insight into work with this age group and indicate that an age bias may exist among therapists. The reasons for this lack of awareness are explored and it is suggested that issue of the therapists' countertransference is crucial and that work with older persons may raise complex emotional issues for the counsellor. Possible future directions for research are discussed.     

The Adam and Eve syndrome

Conclusion The concept of divine forgiveness is incomprehensible to most, since it involves principles that defy rational interpretation on the level of human cognition. As a result, individuals, and especially those who present themselves for treatment, find themselves caught up in a repetition of self-judgment and selfpunishment, which is a reenactment of the original sin and the disobedience encountered in the Garden of Eden. It can be pointed out to patients that this continuous, repetitious acting out of the functions of self-judgment and selfpunishment represents the worst sin of all—the original sin in which the power and authority of God are usurped and assumed, resulting eventually in a denial of God along with symptoms that are often incapacitating. When these functions are returned to God, punishment can be expected to be much less severe and intense, because of the nature and characteristics of divine forgiveness.Ray O. Sexton, M.D., is a psychiatrist in private practice in Memphis, Tennessee, maintaining an active inpatient and outpatient practice of psychotherapy. He is a graduate of the University of Tennessee Center for Health Sciences and is a clinical instructor in psychiatry at the Center. He was a Duke University fellow in psychiatry and served with the U.S. Navy as a medical officer from 1969 to 1971.Richard C. Maddock, S.T.M., Ph.D., is an Episcopal priest and a licensed psychologist in Arkansas and in Tennessee. He has published a number of scholarly articles in the areas of social and clinical psychology and in the psychology of religion. He is a member of the American Psychological Association and various state and regional associations, at which he has presented scientifie papers. With Dr. Sexton, he maintains a private practice in Memphis, Tennessee.