Le chant et la dispute (song and dispute)

Résumé Une forme originale de débats poétiques en relation avec la lyrique courtoise s'élabore aux XIIé et XIIIè s. Appelés jeux-partis en langue d'oïl ils connaissent un certain succès dans le cadre urbain du puy d'Arras. Formulant une casuistique amoureuse, ils sont à la croisée de différentes formalisations: poétique, juridique et scolastique.L'enjeu du débat est exprimé sous le mode dilemmatique. L'argumentation mise en oeuvre se déploie autour de trois énoncés fondamentaux: sentences, proverbes et images.La sentence, inscrite dans le discours lyrique qu'elle érige en axiomatique de l'amour, occupe une fonction ambivalente: elle est l'énonce 'e que l'on se propose de discuter et al forme qu'adopte la démonstration. Se combinant avec une syntaxe de la démonstration, elle ne produit que l'illusion de la dialectique et révèle, en creux, le caractère tautologique du jeu-parti. Sur 120 poèmes, il n'y a pas moins de 80 expressions proverbiales qui s'articulent différemment sur le contexte — quoique majoritairement par des formules assertives — mais qui toutes rompent avec son isotopie, illustrant et énonçant en même temps la règle. La procédure d'exemplarisation, sous la forme d'énoncés imagés, opére d'autres déplacements. Si le proverbe, issu de l'univers empirique, universalise la situation à laquelle il se réfère, l'image procède à l'inverse: d'un thème général, elle offre l'exemple d'une ou de plusieurs situations anecdotiques, d'où surgit l'universalité de la règle.Or aucun de ces énonc'es n'entrent dans une logique démonstrative et proprement argumentative. Ils resten clos sur eux-mêmes. Les interlocuteurs ne reprennent pas ce qui vient d'être dit, sinon sous une forme brutale de réfutation. La véritable formalisation est polémique. Discours qui manipule l'ironie, frôle l'insulte et recherche l'effet plus que le raisonnement Discours qui bâtit sa vérité -contradictoire-comme un jeu tourné vers un auditoire dont on saisit et quête les complicités.Car la vérité reste bien au coeur du débat et elle est sans cesse assertée. Comme elle l'est dans les disputes, ces combats des clercs.Disputes et ieux-partis mettent en scéne une logique de la controverse. Ils sont des argumentations spectacles. L'élaboration de la vérité se fait ailleurs, dans les sommes par exemple. Le jeu-parti est aporétique. S'il est une réponse á son questionnement, elle se lit dans le poéme d'amour dont la forme enferme le sic et non de la joy, joie et jeu d'amour.

---

An original form of poetical debate is elaborated in the 12th and 13th century in relation to court lyricism. Under the appellation of jeux-partis in oil tongue, they meet some success in the urban frame of the puy d'Arras. As they formulate a sophistry of love, they intersect a number of different formalisations such as the poetical, juridical and scholastic ones.What is at stake in the debate is expressed on the dilemmatic mode. The argumentation is worked out at large through three basic enunciations: maxims, proverbs and images.The maxim, inscribed as it is in the lyrical discourse that it lays down as being axiomatical for love, has an ambivalent function: on one hand it is the enunciation one intends to dispute, on the other hand it is the form taken by the demonstration. As it combines with a syntax of demonstration it only brings out the illusion of dialectics incidentally revealing the reduddant tautology of le jeu-parti. Out of a number of 120 poems, there are no less than 80 proverbial expressions which articulate themselves on the context differently — although they do so in majority through assertive formulations — yet disrupting with its isotopy in so much as they illustrate and enunciate the rule at the same time. The process of examplarisation, in the form of imaged enunciations operate other alterations. If the proverb, descending from the empirical universe, universalizes the situation it refers to, the image alone proceeds inversely: from a general theme it gives an example of one or several anecdotical situations out of which the universalness of the rule emerges.Now, none of those enunciations proceeds from a demonstrative or even properly argumentative logic. They are enclosed in themselves. The interlocutors do not resume what has just been said, unless it be in a blunt form of refutation. The true formalisation is polemical. It consists in a discourse which handles irony, lightly touches insult and seeks after effect rather than reasoning. It builds up its own truth — contradictorily though — as a game played on an audience whose complicity is to be grasped and then requested — for truthfulness does lie right in the midst of the debate and asserts itself unendlessly, such as it is in les disputes, those contests between scholars. Disputes and jeux-partis promote a logic of controversy. They are argumentations-spectacles. The elaboration of truth lies elsewhere, in the Summae for example. Le jeu-parti is aporhetical. If ever there exists an answer to its questioning, it can be found in love poetry the form of which includes the sic et non of la joy, mirth and play on love.

     

Die Entstehung einer personalistischen Philosophie im heutigen Russland

Ohne ZusammenfassungText eines Vortrages an einem Kolloquium den 24 Mai, 1992 zu Ehren von Prof. Joseph M. Bochenski an Lässlich seines 90. Geburtstags.     

Children's Participation in Genetic Prevalence Research: Influences on Enrollment and Reports of Parent Satisfaction1

The present studies were designed to evaluate methodological influences on the efficiency of genetic-screening studies, specifically when enrolling preschoolers in a prevalence study of the fragile X full mutation. The studies include replication of earlier findings with school-age children, which showed that (a) a higher enrollment rate occurred when the study was introduced to a parent by a physician (73.7%) versus by a research assistant (58.7%), and (b) parents initially undecided about participating were more likely to eventually enroll if they had completed enrollment forms at the time of recruitment, In-person recruitment led to higher enrollment rates (60%) than did recruitment by mail (36.8%). Feedback from parents indicated the importance of emphasizing the optional nature of participation in screening studies.     

DNA Testing for Family Reunification in Canada: Points to Consider

Countries have adopted different laws, policies, and practices that allow immigration officers to request in certain cases DNA tests to confirm biological relationships in the context of family reunification. In Canada, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has adopted a policy of suggesting DNA testing only as a last resort in cases where no documentary evidence has been submitted or where the evidence provided is deemed unsatisfactory. However, in practice, there have been concerns on the increasing use of DNA tests in family reunification processes of nationals from certain regions including Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Moreover, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR) presents a biological definition of family as a determinant of parenthood in the context of family reunification that is inconsistent with the psychosocial definition used in provincial family laws. Although there are cases that can justify the request for DNA tests, there are also significant social, legal, and ethical issues, including discrimination and unfair practices, raised by this increasing use of genetic information in immigration. This policy brief identifies points to consider for policymakers regarding the use of DNA testing in Canadian family reunification procedures. These include (1) the need to refine the policy of “using DNA testing as a last resort” and its implementation, (2) the need to modify the definition of “dependent child” under the IRPR to reflect the intrinsic reality of psychosocial family ties, and (3) the importance of conducting more research on the use of DNA testing in other immigration contexts.     

Why does social dominance orientation decrease with university exposure to the social sciences? The impact of institutional socialization and the mediating role of “geneticism”

Why does university exposure to a hierarchy‐attenuating (HA) academic major (e.g., social science) lead to a decrease in anti‐egalitarianism and group domination (social dominance orientation, SDO)? The reason for this well‐documented phenomenon remains unclear. In the social sciences, the origins of differences in both behavior and personality are attributed more to social and environmental factors than to genetic ones. We hypothesized that the normative and informational influences of this academic major would lead to perceptions that genes have a less important role than nurture in the shaping of human behavior and personality. Our main hypothesis was confirmed. Decreased SDO among psychology students was mediated significantly by a decrease in belief in genetic determinism, the factor we called “geneticism.” Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-reported adjustment of teenagers at soccer training centers: the Soccer Trainee Adjustment Scale

The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to measure adjustment of teenagers at soccer training centers, particularly newcomers. The Soccer Trainee Adjustment Scale was adapted from the Institutional Integration Scale and assesses the trainee's adjustment to operating and social activities. The scale was tested on a sample of 136 trainees from four soccer centers. Exploratory analysis indicated that the 13 items formed five factors: peer adjustment, boarding supervisor adjustment, soccer adjustment, scholastic adjustment, and boarding adjustment. These factors had internal consistency reliability ranging from .76 to .94.     

Daytime functioning in older patients suffering from chronic insomnia: treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with Zopiclone

The paper presents data from a randomized controlled trial comparing treatment effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotic treatment (Zopiclone), and placebo in a sample of insomnia patients. Data from the same trial have already demonstrated that CBT was more efficient in improving sleep than Zopiclone. The novel outcomes that are reported here concern daytime functioning.

Forty-six older patients (age55) qualifying for a diagnosis of primary insomnia were recruited to participate. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment, and at a 6-months follow-up, and measures of worry, anxiety, depression, interpersonal relationships, subjective alertness, vigilance, and quality of life were used.

The participants in both treatment conditions scored within the normal range on the outcome measures at baseline with the exception of reporting less alertness, relative to a group of good sleepers. One interaction effect indicated that subjective alertness improved more in the Zopiclone group than the CBT group from baseline to post-treatment, and another that CBT was more effective than Zopiclone in reducing trait anxiety from baseline to follow-up.

It was concluded that the treatments yielded only minor effects on the measures of daytime functioning, and that none of them was clearly superior to the other.     

The development of automatic numerosity processing in preschoolers: evidence for numerosity-perceptual interference

Three experiments examined developmental changes in the automatic processing of numerosity and perceptual information using a nonsymbolic numerical Stroop paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2 (E1 and E2), 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds had to compare the numerosities or the total filled areas of collections of dots (E1) or bars (E2) varying along both dimensions. Experiment 3 replicated E2's results in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. Results demonstrated the existence of reciprocal influences between numerical and perceptual information beginning at age 3. Moreover, the irrelevant perceptual influences remained stable throughout development, whereas the sensitivity to irrelevant numerical cues tended to increase with age despite children's growing inhibition capacities. No significant correlation could be found between these developmental changes and the acquisition of counting knowledge.     

Influence of suggestion in the DRM paradigm: what state of consciousness is associated with false memory?

We assessed the effect of suggestion on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm and associated it with the Remember–Know–Guess paradigm. Undergraduate students were given either lists of semantically related words or texts containing these words. After the recall task, if participants did not produce the critical lure, the experimenter suggested that the word had been present, using either a question (moderate suggestion) or an assertion (strong suggestion); these conditions were compared to a condition without suggestion. Afterwards, participants took a recognition test. The results showed that strong suggestions lead to more false recognitions than other conditions and the state of consciousness associated with false recognitions tends to be a feeling of knowing rather than remembering, regardless of the verbal version (list or text). Therefore moderate suggestions did not lead to more false recognitions compare to no suggestion. We discuss the impact of suggestion on consciousness associated with false memories.