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Women are often believed to be more cooperative and less egoistic than men. In the present study, we examined whether people punish women for failing to live up to these benevolent gender stereotypes. Participants played a prisoner's dilemma game with female and male partners who either cooperated or defected. Participants were offered a costly punishment option. They could spend money to decrease the payment of their partners. In Experiment 1, participants spent more money to punish the defection of female in comparison to male partners, but this effect of partner gender on punishment was indirect rather than direct: Participants were more likely to cooperate with female partners than with male partners, which gave them more opportunity for moralistic punishment. In Experiments 2 and 3, we examined the effects of the participants' own gender on cooperation and punishment of female and male partners. Female participants cooperated more with female partners than with male partners while male participants treated female and male partners equally. We conclude that the effect of facial gender on punishment are indirect rather than direct. The results also showed that women, in contrast to men, tended to make decisions that can be considered more social and less rational from an economic point of view, consistent with social‐role theory and evolutionary accounts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jan P. Röer Ulrike Körner Axel Buchner Raoul Bell 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2017,24(4):1205-1210
To-be-ignored, task-irrelevant speech disrupts serial recall performance relative to a quiet control condition. In most studies, the content of the auditory distractors had no effect on their disruptive potential, one’s own name being one of the few exceptions. There are two possible explanations of this pattern: (1) Semantic features of the irrelevant speech are usually not processed, except for highly relevant auditory distractors, or (2) semantic processing of the irrelevant speech always occurs, but usually does not affect serial recall performance. To test these explanations, we presented to-be-ignored auditory distractor words drawn from different categories while participants memorized visual targets for serial recall. Afterwards, participants were invited to what they believed to be an unrelated norming study, in which they were required to spontaneously produce words from the categories from which the auditory distractor words were drawn. Previously ignored words were produced with a higher probability than words from a parallel, nonpresented set, demonstrating that features of to-be-ignored, task-irrelevant speech that do not interfere with immediate serial recall performance are nevertheless processed semantically and may have substantial effects on subsequent behavior. 相似文献
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Eric-Jan Wagenmakers Han L. J. van der Maas Conor V. Dolan Raoul P. P. P. Grasman 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1229-1235
In this rejoinder, we address two of Ratcliff’s main concerns with respect to the EZ-diffusion model (Ratcliff, 2008). First,
we introduce “robust-EZ,” a mixture model approach to achieve robustness against the presence of response contaminants that
might otherwise distort parameter estimates. Second, we discuss an extension of the EZ model that allows the estimation of
starting point as an additional parameter. Together with recently developed, user-friendly software programs for fitting the
full diffusion model (Vandekerckhove & Tuerlinckx, 2007; Voss & Voss, 2007), the development of the EZ model and its extensions
is part of a larger effort to make diffusion model analyses accessible to a broader audience, an effort that is long overdue. 相似文献
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Dutilh Gilles Annis Jeffrey Brown Scott D. Cassey Peter Evans Nathan J. Grasman Raoul P. P. P. Hawkins Guy E. Heathcote Andrew Holmes William R. Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis Kupitz Colin N. Leite Fábio P. Lerche Veronika Lin Yi-Shin Logan Gordon D. Palmeri Thomas J. Starns Jeffrey J. Trueblood Jennifer S. van Maanen Leendert van Ravenzwaaij Don Vandekerckhove Joachim Visser Ingmar Voss Andreas White Corey N. Wiecki Thomas V. Rieskamp Jörg Donkin Chris 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1051-1069
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into... 相似文献
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