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81.
82.
Munakata Y Herd SA Chatham CH Depue BE Banich MT O'Reilly RC 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(10):453-459
Inhibiting unwanted thoughts, actions and emotions figures centrally in daily life, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is widely viewed as a source of this inhibitory control. We argue that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions. Inhibition of some subcortical regions takes a directed global form, with prefrontal regions providing contextual information relevant to when to inhibit all processing in a region. Inhibition within neocortical (and some subcortical) regions takes an indirect competitive form, with prefrontal regions providing excitation of goal-relevant options. These distinctions are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved. 相似文献
83.
Carlson DS Grzywacz JG Ferguson M Hunter EM Clinch CR Arcury TA 《The Journal of applied psychology》2011,96(5):1045-1054
This study examined organizational levers that impact work-family experiences, participant health, and subsequent turnover. Using a sample of 179 women returning to full-time work 4 months after childbirth, we examined the associations of 3 job resources (job security, skill discretion, and schedule control) with work-to-family enrichment and the associations of 2 job demands (psychological requirements and nonstandard work schedules) with work-to-family conflict. Further, we considered subsequent impact of work-to-family conflict and enrichment on women's health (physical and mental health) 8 months after women returned to work and the impact of health on voluntary turnover 12 months after women returned to work. Having a nonstandard work schedule was directly and positively related to conflict, whereas schedule control buffered the effect of psychological requirements on conflict. Skill discretion and job security, both job resources, directly and positively related to enrichment. Work-to-family conflict was negatively related to both physical and mental health, but work-to-family enrichment positively predicted only physical health. Physical health and mental health both negatively influenced turnover. We discuss implications and opportunities for future research. 相似文献
84.
Randall T. Salekin Sara A. Debus Edward D. Barker 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):501-514
Given the consideration of callousness as a specifier for Conduct Disorder in the DSM-V, it seems imperative that researchers
continue to investigate this personality style in adolescents to determine both its applicability and utility. The present
study examined the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI; Andershed et al. 2002) and the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised-Big 5 (IASR-B5; Trapnell and Wiggins 1990a, b) psychopathy scales in relation to the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Using a sample of adolescent offenders (N = 145), the YPI and IASR-B5 psychopathy scales showed adequate reliability and strong inverse bivariate relations with the
FFM domains of Agreeableness (−A) and Conscientiousness (−C). Multivariate analyses, at the facet level, revealed that Tendermindedness
(−A) and Assertiveness (+E) explained the association between FFM facets and the YPI, whereas Altruism (−A), Modesty (−A),
Straightforwardness (−A), Assertiveness (+E), Warmth (−E), and Deliberation (+C) all uniquely contributed to the IASR-B5 psychopathy
scale. Both measures were linked with general and violent recidivism. The authors discuss the implications of these findings
in terms of the use of personality to help describe conduct problem youth and the need for future research in this important
area. 相似文献
85.
We manipulated running memory span tasks to examine effects on recall and relations with criterion measures of working memory
capacity and general fluid intelligence. The goal of the manipulations was to limit or enhance opportunities for active input
processing and response preparation in advance of test. We manipulated presentation rate in Experiment 1. Recall was higher
at slow than at fast rates, but correlations with criterion measures were much the same across rate conditions. In Experiment
2, we manipulated the time at which the number of items to report was made known to the participants. They were given that
information in advance (precue) or at test (postcue). Recall scores and correlations with criterion measures were much the
same across cuing conditions. We conclude that running memory span provides valid measurement of working memory capacity that
is predictive of higher order cognition across a wide range of conditions. 相似文献
86.
This article explores the linkages between strategies for managing different types of conflict and group performance and satisfaction. Results from a qualitative study of 57 autonomous teams suggest that groups that improve or maintain top performance over time share 3 conflict resolution tendencies: (a) focusing on the content of interpersonal interactions rather than delivery style, (b) explicitly discussing reasons behind any decisions reached in accepting and distributing work assignments, and (c) assigning work to members who have the relevant task expertise rather than assigning by other common means such as volunteering, default, or convenience. The authors' results also suggest that teams that are successful over time are likely to be both proactive in anticipating the need for conflict resolution and pluralistic in developing conflict resolution strategies that apply to all group members. 相似文献
87.
88.
Michael C. Roberts Eric M. Vernberg Bridget K. Biggs Camille J. Randall Anne K. Jacobs 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):277-289
The Intensive Mental Health Program meets the needs for services in school systems for children with serious emotional disturbances
and for training graduate students in clinical applications with a difficult-to-serve population. We address the range of
challenges and rewards experienced in the development of the comprehensive intervention program, the continued maintenance
of program elements, and the program evaluation. 相似文献
89.
Melina A. Kunar Randall Carter Michael Cohen Todd S. Horowitz 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1135-1140
Recent research has shown that holding telephone conversations disrupts one’s driving ability. We asked whether this effect
could be attributed to a visual attention impairment. In Experiment 1, participants conversed on a telephone or listened to
a narrative while engaged in multiple object tracking (MOT), a task requiring sustained visual attention. We found that MOT
was disrupted in the telephone conversation condition, relative to single-task MOT performance, but that listening to a narrative
had no effect. In Experiment 2, we asked which component of conversation might be interfering with MOT performance. We replicated
the conversation and single-task conditions of Experiment 1 and added two conditions in which participants heard a sequence
of words over a telephone. In the shadowing condition, participants simply repeated each word in the sequence. In the generation
condition, participants were asked to generate a new word based on each word in the sequence. Word generation interfered with
MOT performance, but shadowing did not. The data indicate that telephone conversation disrupts attention at a central stage,
the act of generating verbal stimuli, rather than at a peripheral stage, such as listening or speaking. 相似文献
90.
Gearhart RF Lagally KM Riechman SE Andrews RD Robertson RJ 《Perceptual and motor skills》2008,106(3):893-903
The constant-RPE tracking model monitors progress over the course of exercise training. During aerobic exercise, prior work using this model has demonstrated similar relative intensities pre- and posttraining, while the absolute workload increases posttraining. However, the prediction equation associated with these changes has not been examined during resistance training. 22 men and 27 women (M age 64 yr.) participated in a 12-wk. resistance training. Orientation determined resistances associated with RPEs of 4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9 on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale for each of seven exercises for each participant. Individuals trained 3 days a week for 12 wk. Linear regression was used to calculate percent of 1-repetition maximum (%1-RM) at RPE 4, 6, and 8 for the exercises. Paired sample t tests, comparing pre- and posttraining %1-RMs at each RPE, indicated that posttraining %1-RMs were higher for RPE 4 and 6 for each exercise, while at RPE 8, results were significant for only 3 exercises. Thus for at least the RPE 4 and 6, the constant RPE tracking model is appropriate for resistance exercise; however, the equation of prediction appears to differ from that for aerobic exercise. Development of a new prediction equation may be necessary to track relative strength in older adults. 相似文献