结果呈现对决策过程影响的眼动模式

采用眼动追踪技术探究了在一般决策过程中决策者的眼动规律和结果呈现对决策的影响。结果表明,在决策过程中,收益信息比概率信息更受决策者关注;决策者的注视点在选项内转换多于在选项间转换;决策前的眼动指标对最终的选择有很强的预测作用,决策者会在最终选择的选项上投入更多认知资源;结果的呈现使风险偏好型决策者在决策获益后趋于保守,更关注低风险选项;而风险回避型决策者在决策获益后会变得敢于冒险。     

Automatic goal inferences

The social psychological literature on automatic social inferences has focused on one construct that helps explaining human behavior—traits (e.g., Gilbert, Pelham, & Krull, 1988; Trope, 1986; Winter & Uleman, 1984). The dispositional roots of behavior, however, go beyond relatively stable constructs such as traits to include more transient causes such as one’s intentions and goals. Evidence from young infants and adult chimpanzees, knowledge acquired in the text-comprehension literature and hypotheses derived from the Automatic Causal Inferences framework (Hassin, Bargh, & Uleman, 2002), seems to converge: they all suggest that perceivers may automatically infer goals from behaviors. This paper reports four studies that examine this hypothesis. The first two use surprise cued-recall, and look at goal inferences when the road to goal achievement seems straightforward and when it seems blocked. Studies 3 and 4 use on-line methodologies—probe recognition task and lexical decision—to examine whether these inferences are made at encoding.     

以科学发展观研究新兴宗教

19世纪末、特别是自进入20世纪以来涌现出一些不同于传统宗教的新兴宗教之涌现。这种异军突起的新兴宗教现象立意不同、形态各异、变化多样、影响复杂,为宗教研究者提供了一个重要且必要的全新研究课题。笔者认为,应以科学发展观为指导思想来研究新兴宗教,这主要表现为,第一,应该从社会、时代的发展来看新兴宗教的产生及其展示的新特色。第二,应该从人们精神生活的普遍性及其神圣或神秘表达的独特性来观察、区分不同宗教的共性和特性。第三,应该从人类丰富多元的精神及社会生活来看待新兴宗教反应、适应、回应这种生活的形式及效果,论及其张力与和谐、正面与负面、消极与积极。     

负性事件引发情绪反应的性别特点及神经机制

选取45名大学本科生为被试,记录被试观看内容不同的刺激材料时主观情绪体验成绩,同时采集了心率变异性(HRV)的频域指标,探讨内容不同的负性事件引发情绪反应的性别特点及外周神经机制.结果:在主观报告上,女性所诱发的负性情绪显著高于男性.社会事件的情绪材料所引发的负性情绪显著高于家庭事件的情绪材料.在生理指标上,女性在负性事件中引起的LF/HF显著高于男性.因此,负性事件后男性和女性情绪反应在主观应激强度和生理反应模式上差异显著.     

Mystical Experience Among Tibetan Buddhists: The Common Core Thesis Revisited

In the study of mysticism the debate has centered on whether a universal experiential core exists regardless of religious interpretation. The current investigation combines Jamesian empiricist and social constructivist perspectives to argue that stable experiential facets load variously on factors to construct local interpretations. Local interpretations reflect a family resemblance—a mystical common core experienced across cultures. Results of confirmatory factor analyses, based on data from 240 Tibetan Buddhist adults, suggest statistical model fit and superiority for the three‐factor model compared to the unidimensional model. Pure experience can be distinguished explicitly from its context‐specific hermeneutical construal.     

Listening,Watching, and Reading: The Structure and Correlates of Entertainment Preferences

ABSTRACT People spend considerable amounts of time and money listening to music, watching TV and movies, and reading books and magazines, yet almost no attention in psychology has been devoted to understanding individual differences in preferences for such entertainment. The present research was designed to examine the structure and correlates of entertainment genre preferences. Analyses of the genre preferences of more than 3,000 individuals revealed a remarkably clear factor structure. Using multiple samples, methods, and geographic regions, data converged to reveal five entertainment‐preference dimensions: Communal, Aesthetic, Dark, Thrilling, and Cerebral. Preferences for these entertainment dimensions were uniquely related to demographics and personality traits. Results also indicated that personality accounted for significant proportions of variance in entertainment preferences over and above demographics. The results provide a foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about the psychology of entertainment preferences.     

反社会人格障碍的神经生物学基础及其司法启示

反社会人格障碍(Antisocial Personality Disorder, ASPD)是一种漠视或侵犯他人权益的普遍行为模式, 是与犯罪关联极高的精神障碍。ASPD的形成受基因和环境因素的影响, 表现为神经递质和激素系统的紊乱, 以及自主神经系统活跃程度和大脑结构与功能的异常。上述神经生物学因素可能导致ASPD患者表现出执行控制障碍、情绪功能障碍、无视惩罚信息和奖赏偏好等特点。神经生物学研究的证据为ASPD罪犯的循证矫治、风险评估、定罪量刑等司法实践提供了启示。建议未来从神经生物学角度对ASPD的诊断分类标准、治疗方法和影响因素等方面开展研究。     

Goal contagion: perceiving is for pursuing

Six studies examined the goal contagion hypothesis, which claims that individuals may automatically adopt and pursue a goal that is implied by another person's behavior. Participants were briefly exposed to behavioral information implying a specific goal and were then given the opportunity to act on the goal in a different way and context. Studies 1-3 established the goal contagion phenomenon by showing that the behavioral consequences of goal contagion possess features of goal directedness: (a) They are affected by goal strength, (b) they have the quality of goal appropriateness, and (c) they are characterized by persistence. Studies 4-6 show that people do not automatically adopt goals when the observed goal pursuit is conducted in an unacceptable manner, because the goal will then be perceived as unattractive. The results are discussed in the context of recent research on automatic goal pursuits.     

Childhood Trauma and Self-Control: The Mediating Role of Depletion Sensitivity

Journal of Child and Family Studies - Previous research demonstrated that childhood trauma was associated with self-control deficit from adolescence to adulthood. However, the underlying mechanism...     

家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的影响：基于潜变量增长模型的分析

本研究使用问卷法对257名老年人进行了历时1年的3次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型与交叉滞后回归分析考察了家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的变化趋势, 家人情感卷入发展与老年自我刻板印象发展的关系, 以及家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的时序效应。结果发现：(1)老年人感知到的家人情感卷入在1年内呈线性递减, 而老年自我刻板印象呈线性增长; (2)家人情感卷入的初始水平负向预测老年自我刻板印象的初始水平与增长速率; (3)家人情感卷入的下降速率也显著预测了老年自我刻板印象的增长速率; (4)交叉滞后回归分析进一步支持了老年人家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的总体负向预测作用。本研究为老年刻板印象内化的家庭过程提供了理论支持, 并对减少老年刻板印象内化、改善消极老年自我刻板印象的干预具有一定的实践价值。