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71.
Perceptions of body size vary by gender and ethnicity. Women are more dissatisfied with their bodies than are men and Caucasian women are more dissatisfied with their bodies than are African American women. The purpose of this study was to examine if African American men and women accurately estimate the level of thinness preferred by the opposite gender. We predicted that African American women would correctly estimate the level of thinness found attractive by African American men, thereby providing support for the explanation that African American women are partially protected from experiencing similar levels of body dissatisfaction as Caucasian women do because they correctly estimate that African American men like larger women. Participants were 68 African American women and 34 African American men. The results supported our prediction, African American women accurately estimate the level of thinness preferred by African American men. 相似文献
72.
John T. Rapp Claudia L. Dozier James E. Carr Meeta R. Patel Kimberly A. Enloe 《Behavioral Interventions》2000,15(2):121-133
In a multi‐phase investigation, we assessed the problematic hair manipulation of a four‐year‐old male diagnosed with autism. In phase 1, a functional analysis of hair manipulation resulted in high levels of responding during a no‐interaction condition, while near‐zero levels were observed in other conditions. In phase 2, hair manipulation was reduced to near‐zero levels during a condition in which Billy wore gloves on his hands to attenuate digital‐tactile stimulation. In phase 3, a stimulus preference assessment indicated that object manipulation competed with hair manipulation, and that wearing gloves did not alter the amount of time that Billy manipulated preferred objects. The results are discussed in the context of interventions that achieve their effects via reinforcer substitutability or competition. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
73.
Previous studies indicate that the benefits of dividing an information processing load across both cerebral hemispheres outweigh the costs of interhemispheric transfer as tasks become more difficult or cognitively complex. This is demonstrated as better performance when two stimuli to be compared are presented one to each visual field and hemisphere than when both stimuli are presented to the same single hemisphere (an across-hemisphere advantage). Two experiments indicate that this finding does not generalize to complex tasks that require matching numeric quantities represented by two very different visual formats whose processing involves somewhat different cortical areas: digits and dice-like dot patterns. In fact, mixing these stimulus formats consistently produces a within-hemisphere advantage. We propose that, when two simultaneously presented stimuli are presented in sufficiently different visual formats, identification of the two stimuli may take place in parallel, via different cortical access routes and with little or no interference, even when they are presented to the same cerebral hemisphere. 相似文献
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Meeta Patel Gregory K. Reed Cathleen C. Piazza Michael Mueller Melanie H. Bachmeyer Stacy A. Layer 《Behavioral Interventions》2007,22(4):305-310
We evaluated the effects of a high‐probability (high‐p) instructional sequence on the feeding‐related compliance (food acceptance) of a young boy diagnosed with a feeding disorder. The high‐p sequence consisted of three presentations of an empty spoon; the low‐probability (low‐p) instruction was the presentation of a spoon with food. Results showed that acceptance of food increased in the presence and not the absence of the high‐p sequence. Data are discussed in terms of the role of high‐p instructional sequences in the treatment of feeding problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
76.
Pam Maras Kirsty Carmichael Swatee Patel Jennifer Wills 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(3):375-397
This study looked at the impact of Widening Participation interventions on the attitudes of young people towards higher education.
A total of 2731 adolescents aged 13–16 years completed a self-report measure of their attitudes to higher education, general
and academic self concept and identification with school, family and peers. This was matched with data on the students’ academic
attainment and social backgrounds. As expected, attainment scores were significantly positively correlated with take up of
Widening Participation activities aimed at increasing participation in higher education, attitudes towards going to university
and academic motivation. However, attainment was negatively correlated with perceptions of family attending university and
identification with family. Regression analyses found that perceptions of family views about attending university were not
a predictor of taking part in Widening Participation activities but were a predictor of attitudes towards higher education.
Students in Year 10 aged 14–15 were significantly more negative on most factors than either older or younger students. 相似文献
77.
John T. Rapp Meeta R. Patel Patrick M. Ghezzi Christine H. O'Flaherty Craig J. Titterington 《Behavioral Interventions》2009,24(2):85-105
We examined the vocal stereotypy of three boys who were diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Results of functional analyses indicated that each participant's vocal stereotypy was maintained by non‐social consequences. For two participants, verbal reprimands were provided contingent on vocal stereotypy in the presence of a red card (RC). For the third participant, after verbal reprimands alone did not decrease vocal stereotypy, toys were withdrawn contingent on vocal stereotypy in the presence of the RC. For all three participants, vocal stereotypy was permitted without programmed consequences the presence of a green card (GC). The results showed that vocal stereotypy decreased in the presence of the RC for all three participants; however, vocal stereotypy came under inhibitory control of the RC for only one of the three participants. The potential utility of using punishment to develop stimulus control of automatically reinforced problem behavior in academic settings is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Songbirds and humans share many parallels in vocal learning and auditory sequence processing. However, the two groups differ notably in their abilities to recognize acoustic sequences shifted in absolute pitch (pitch height). Whereas humans maintain accurate recognition of words or melodies over large pitch height changes, songbirds are comparatively much poorer at recognizing pitch-shifted tone sequences. This apparent disparity may reflect fundamental differences in the neural mechanisms underlying the representation of sound in songbirds. Alternatively, because non-human studies have used sine-tone stimuli almost exclusively, tolerance to pitch height changes in the context of natural signals may be underestimated. Here, we show that European starlings, a species of songbird, can maintain accurate recognition of the songs of other starlings when the pitch of those songs is shifted by as much as ±40%. We observed accurate recognition even for songs pitch-shifted well outside the range of frequencies used during training, and even though much smaller pitch shifts in conspecific songs are easily detected. With similar training using human piano melodies, recognition of the pitch-shifted melodies is very limited. These results demonstrate that non-human pitch processing is more flexible than previously thought and that the flexibility in pitch processing strategy is stimulus dependent. 相似文献