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171.
172.
Ralph Weber 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2015,10(4):547
Contemporary proponents of Confucian political philosophy often ignore the fact that any sizeable future Confucian political order will have to accommodate many “non-Confucians.” The guiding question of this paper is therefore the following: how could a Confucian political philosophy, if it can at all, adequately take into account a plurality of comprehensive worldviews? I first turn to John Rawls and his account of these terms and of reasonable pluralism more generally. I then examine some particularly relevant developments and criticism of Rawls’ account. Finally, I offer a discussion of some recent proposals for a Confucian political philosophy, and examine to what extent each recognizes the fact of pluralism, sees it as a challenge, and deals with it in a persuasive manner. The paper concludes with a depiction of two major stumbling blocks that might stand firmly in the way of such a pluralism-accommodating political Confucianism. 相似文献
173.
Poor handwriting is a diagnostic criterion for developmental coordination disorder. Typical of poor handwriting is its low overall quality and the high variability of the spatial characteristics of the letters, usually assessed with a subjective handwriting scale. Recently, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), a technique originally developed for speech recognition, was introduced for pattern recognition in handwriting. The present study evaluates its application to analyze poor handwriting. Forty children attending Dutch mainstream primary schools were recruited and based on their scores on the Concise Evaluation Scale for Children's Handwriting (Dutch abbreviation: BHK), 20 good and 20 poor writers (of whom 13 were scheduled for handwriting intervention) were identified. The groups were matched for age (7-9 years), school grade (grades 2 and 3) and handedness. The children subsequently wrote sequences of the letter "a" on a graphics tablet in three conditions (normal, fast, and accurate). Classical kinematics were obtained and for each individual letter DTW was used to calculate the distance from the mean shape. The DTW data revealed much higher variability in the letter forms of the poor writers that was independent of the kinematic results of larger trajectories, faster movements, and higher pen pressure. The current results suggest that DTW is a valid and objective technique for letter-form analysis in handwriting and may hence be useful to evaluate the rehabilitation treatments of children suffering from poor handwriting. In education research it may be exploited to explore how children (should) learn to write. 相似文献
174.
Although the development of the field of reading has been impressive, there are a number of issues that still require much
more attention. One of these concerns the variability of skilled reading within the individual. This paper explores the topic
in three ways: (1) it quantifies the extent to which, two factors, the specific reading task (comprehension vs. word verification)
and the format of reading material (sentence vs. passage) influence the temporal aspects of reading as expressed in word-viewing
durations; (2) it examines whether they also affect visuomotor aspects of eye-movement control; and (3) determine whether
they can modulate local lexical processing. The results reveal reading as a dynamic, interactive process involving semi-autonomous
modules, with top-down influences clearly evident in the eye-movement record. 相似文献
175.
Barry Hartley Slater 《Synthese》2008,163(2):187-198
Prawitz proved a theorem, formalising ‘harmony’ in Natural Deduction systems, which showed that, corresponding to any deduction
there is one to the same effect but in which no formula occurrence is both the consequence of an application of an introduction
rule and major premise of an application of the related elimination rule. As Gentzen ordered the rules, certain rules in Classical
Logic had to be excepted, but if we see the appropriate rules instead as rules for Contradiction, then we can extend the theorem to the classical case. Properly arranged there is a thoroughgoing ‘harmony’, in the classical
rules. Indeed, as we shall see, they are, all together, far more ‘harmonious’ in the general sense than has been commonly
observed. As this paper will show, the appearance of disharmony has only arisen because of the illogical way in which natural
deduction rules for Classical Logic have been presented. 相似文献
176.
According to the conjunction rule, the probability of A and B cannot exceed the probability of either single event. This rule reads and in terms of the logical operator wedge, interpreting A and B as an intersection of two events. As linguists have long argued, in natural language "and" can convey a wide range of relationships between conjuncts such as temporal order ("I went to the store and bought some whisky"), causal relationships ("Smile and the world smiles with you"), and can indicate a collection of sets rather than their intersection (as in "He invited friends and colleagues to the party"). When "and" is used in word problems researching the conjunction fallacy, the conjunction rule, which assumes the logical operator wedge, therefore cannot be mechanically invoked as a norm. Across several studies, we used different methods of probing people's understanding of and-conjunctions, and found evidence that many of those respondents who violated the conjunction rule in their probability or frequency judgments inferred a meaning of and that differs from the logical operator wedge. We argue that these findings have implications for whether judgments involving ambiguous and-conjunctions that violate the conjunction rule should be considered manifestations of fallacious reasoning or of reasonable pragmatic and semantic inferences. 相似文献
177.
Gavin D. Shoal Lauren C. Gudonis Peter R. Giancola Ralph E. Tarter 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(1):61-70
This investigation examined potential moderators of the longitudinal relation between negative affectivity and drinking. Specifically
tested was the degree to which alcohol expectancies and coping styles moderate the relation between negative affectivity in
early adolescence and drinking in middle and late adolescence. Four hundred ninety nine early adolescents completed inventories
of negative affectivity, coping style, and tension reduction expectancies, and were followed up with inventories of drinking
in middle and late adolescence. Constructive coping moderated the relation between negative affectivity and drinking in middle
adolescence, such that only those with poor coping skills exhibited this positive relation. Although early negative affectivity
was directly related to drinking in late adolescence, no interactions between negative affectivity and expectancies or coping
were detected for drinking at that age. This absence of consistent moderating effects indicates significant limitations in
the ability of the traditionally-conceived affect regulation model to reliably predict adolescent drinking.
This research was conducted at the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR) which is located in the School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh and is supported by grant P50-DA-05605 from the National Institute
on Drug Abuse. 相似文献
178.
The present study examined the effects of thought suppression on sleep-onset mentation. It was hypothesized that the decrease of attentional control in the transition to sleep would lead to a rebound of a suppressed thought in hypnagogic mentation. Twenty-four young adults spent two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. Half of the participants were instructed to suppress a target thought, whereas the other half freely thought of anything at all. To assess target thought frequency, three different measures were used in the wake state and mentation reports were repeatedly prompted by a computer at sleep onset. In support of the hypothesis, results revealed a reversal of target thought frequency at sleep onset: Participants instructed to suppress reported fewer target thoughts than did controls before falling asleep, but more target thoughts afterwards. 相似文献
179.
180.
Ralph D. Ellis 《Human Studies》2006,29(1):33-55
This paper reports on the Kuhnian revolution now occurring in neuropsychology that is finally supportive of and friendly to phenomenology – the “enactive” approach to the mind-body relation, grounded in the notion of self-organization, which is consistent with Husserl and Merleau-Ponty on virtually every point. According to the enactive approach, human minds understand the world by virtue of the ways our bodies can act relative to it, or the ways we can imagine acting. This requires that action be distinguished from passivity, that the mental be approached from a first person perspective, and that the cognitive capacities of the brain be grounded in the emotional and motivational processes that guide action and anticipate action affordances. It avoids the old intractable problems inherent in the computationalist approaches of twentieth century atomism and radical empiricism, and again allows phenomenology to bridge to neuropsychology in the way Merleau-Ponty was already doing over half a century ago. 相似文献