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Hofmann Markus J. Kleemann Mareike A. Roelke-Wellmann André Vorstius Christian Radach Ralph 《Cognitive processing》2022,23(2):309-318
Cognitive Processing - While most previous studies of “semantic” priming confound associative and semantic relations, here we use a simple co-occurrence-based approach to examine... 相似文献
693.
In this review, we address the question, central to cognition, of whether nonhuman animals such as rats are capable of extracting
and extending information from a given learning situation to a new learning situation without generalizing through a physical
dimension of the stimuli. This capacity underlies abstraction, which is a hallmark of human cognition and necessary for complex
information processing such as language acquisition. We selectively review recent experiments with rats in which systematic
changes in information processing of new stimuli are observed after training with different stimuli. These results strongly
suggest that this capacity is present in rats. We also review two articles in which clear limitations to this capacity are
detected. We conclude that, within specified limits, rats are capable of using prior experience when faced with a learning
situation that involves new stimuli. We interpret this ability as a rudimentary form of abstraction. In the face of these
provocative results, new theories of learning should be designed to account for these findings. 相似文献
694.
Ralph van den Bosch Wilmar B. Schaufeli Maria C. W. Peeters Gaby Reijseger 《The Journal of psychology》2019,153(2):247-266
Authenticity at work refers to the extent to which a worker feels in touch with their true self while at work. At first sight this concept seems to overlap with the concept of person-environment (P-E) fit, that is, the degree to which an individual experiences good fit with their work environment. Drawing on a sample of 867 Dutch gifted workers, structural equation modeling was used to investigate (i) whether authenticity at work and P-E fit can be distinguished, and (ii) how authenticity at work and P-E fit were associated with employee well-being. As expected, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that authenticity at work and P-E fit were distinct from each other. Moreover, the mediated effect of authenticity at work was stronger for two negative forms of well-being (burnout and boredom) than for two positive forms of well-being (work engagement and job satisfaction). The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, especially focusing on the distinction between authenticity and P-E fit. 相似文献
695.
Dinesh J. Braganza Ralph L. Piedmont Jesse Fox Geraldine M. Fialkowski Richard M. Gray 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2019,97(3):293-305
This randomized clinical trial with a sample of adults (N = 129) from India explored the effects of a single core‐transformation session on symptom experience and psychological growth. The results over the total 8‐week study period indicated significant, moderate overall effect sizes (ds = 0.63 and 0.52) for symptom experience, emotional stability, affect balance, global well‐being, and purpose in life. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. 相似文献
696.
Religious stratification occurs when religion is institutionalized in the laws and/or customs of society as a criterion for the allocation of social positions and their attendant rewards. The result is a relatively stable ranking of religious groups in terms of their access to power, privilege, and prestige. In this article, we examine the social processes that contributed to the emergence of religious stratification in colonial America. Following Weber (1946), Lenski (1966), and Noel (1968), we use a "modified fair shares" theory that highlights the importance of three contributing influences: religious prejudice, competition, and differential power. After explaining the role played by each of these factors, we document the existence and enduring nature of religious stratification in the colonies. The evidence includes data on the religious establishments that arose in some colonies, other regulations governing access to scarce resources (such as the right to vote and hold public office), and differential access to economic and political power based on religious adherence. We conclude with observations about the need for further research on religious stratification in America. 相似文献
697.
Patrick S. Bordnick Ralph L. Elkins T. Edward Orr Paul Walters Bruce A. Thyer 《Behavioral Interventions》2004,19(1):1-24
Crack cocaine use and dependence has been steadily increasing since the mid‐1980s. Treatment approaches vary from simple psychotherapy to intensive medication regimens. One clear phenomenon that has been implicated in the continued use and abuse of crack cocaine is craving. Craving is believed to be a response that has been conditioned with previous drug using episodes, and is elicited by environmental cues. The current study investigated the use of three aversion therapies (chemical, covert sensitization, and faradic) designed to eliminate craving for cocaine. Seventy subjects were randomly assigned to one of three aversion treatments or a relaxation control condition. Results indicate that aversion therapy reduces crack cocaine craving. The use of aversion therapy as an adjunct to traditional treatment programs for reducing craving is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Marcie‐jo Kresnow Robin M. Ikeda James A. Mercy Kenneth E. Powell Lloyd B. Potter Thomas R. Simon Roberta K. Lee Ralph F. Frankowski 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2002,32(Z1):7-20
T his article details the research methods and measurements used in conducting a population‐based, case‐control study of nearly lethal suicide attempts among persons aged 13–34 years, residing in Houston, Texas. From November 1992 to July 1995, we interviewed 153 case subjects presenting at one of three participating hospital emergency departments and used random digit dialing to identify 513 control subjects residing in the same catchment area in which cases were enlisted. Unlike most research in this area, this study was designed to extend our understanding of suicidal behavior and prevention activities beyond identification and treatment of depression and other mental illnesses. We discuss the overall strengths and weaknesses of our study design and conclude that this methodology is well suited for studying rare outcomes such as nearly lethal suicide. 相似文献