Three multivariate models: Factor analysis,latent structure analysis,and latent profile analysis

The factor analysis model and Lazarsfeld's latent structure scheme for analyzing dichotomous attributes are derived to show how the latter model avoids three knotty problems in factor analysis: communality estimation, rotation, and curvilinearity. Then the latent structure model is generalized into latent profile analysis for the study of interrelations among quantitative measures. Four latent profile examples are presented and discussed in terms of their limitations and the problems of latent metric and dimensionality thereby raised. The possibility of treating higher order empirical relations in a manner paralleling their various uses in the latent structure model is indicated.The latter model is anticipated in an earlier paper by Green [12].The major portion of this paper was completed at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. The opinions expressed are those of the author and are not to be construed as reflecting official Department of the Army policy.     

A simple procedure for rearranging matrices

Guttman's scalogram board technique for reordering the columns and rows of a matrix is described and its disadvantages are pointed out. A simple and inexpensive procedure for doing the same job without these disadvantages is outlined.I am grateful to Professor Jozef Cohen of the University of Illinois for a five-minute conversation which greatly simplified the procedure described here.     

An analysis of passive memory in normal and mentally retarded persons

The differential short-term retention of normal and mentally retarded persons is often attributed to differences in strategic functioning. There is, however, evidence for memory differences between these groups on tasks which minimize cognitive strategies. Many of the passive memory studies have been plagued with methodological and interpretative difficulties. The present experiment was an attempt to avoid these problems and clarify the possibility of passive memory differences.It was necessary to equate initial learning and control for rehearsal to compare the passive memory of normal and retarded persons across short, rehearsal-free intevals. The retention intervals were filled with a tonal detection task intended to prevent rehearsal.CA matched normal and retarded adolescents were required to recall sequences of consonants after periods of 0,9, and 27 sec. of tonal detection. These subjects also performed the detection task without the recall requirement over the same intervals. Subjects were classified as rehearsers and nonrehearsers, depending upon variations in their tonal detection accuracy, or response times across the two conditions. The main result was that normal and retarded nonrehearsers showed equal forgetting over the retention intervals.     

Marriages of two clergy-persons

Defines a clergy couple as a married couple, each person ordained or licensed, and each employed by the church. Gives current statistics on the number of clergy couples in eleven denominations. Decribes how it works in practice in a variety of arrangements. Lists the advantages for a congregation and for the couple. Describes some problem areas for some couples. Lists some characteristics of a successful clergy couple ministry. Asserts that clergy couples are a growing phenomenon and concludes that it is a legitimate, viable option for ministry.Editor's Note: This article, as submitted, carried the title Clergy Couples. This term, as the readers soon will discover, is used to describe what I, and others, have described as two-clergy couples, or two-clergy marriages. The term clergy couple has been widely used in the past (since at least 1951) to describe any marriage involving a clergy member, and it is so used in four of the five articles in this issue.I am aware that in 1978 the Ohio Consultation for two-clergy couples firmly claimed the title clergy couple with the intent of changing the earlier usage. Only the future will determine which usage will ultimately win general acceptance.In order to avoid confusion, however, I decided to change the title of this article; but within the article itself, the original terminology of the authors remains unchanged.Ralph L. Detrick has shared employment, parenting and homemaking with his wife, Mary, for the last seven years. Both are employed by the Church of the Brethren with responsibilities for Life Cycle Ministry, Youth/Young Adult Ministry and Person Awareness in Elgin, Illinois.     

Inhibition of the automatic storage of speaker’s voice

The voice-connotation hypothesis of Geiselman and Bellezza (1976, 1977) states that a speaker’s voice is sometimes remembered without intent because the connotation of the voice automatically influences the meaning of what is said. Results from the present experiment suggest that subjects have the option to prevent the speaker’s-voice attribute from being stored with the contents of what is said when such processing would interfere with other cognitive operations.