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51.
Ralph Bolton 《Aggressive behavior》1979,5(3):233-255
The Qolla Indians have high rates of involvement in agonistic forms of interaction. In previous reports the author suggested that ecological and physiological factors are causally associated with intracommunity differential participation in aggressive behavior. The present article described tests of hypotheses using other variables to explain this behavioral differentiation. The hypothesis that aggressiveness and participation in litigation are a function of the amount of social support the individual can potentially mobilize is tested. The relationships between indicators of social status (wealth, education, age, political activities, and ritual participation), on the one hand, and aggressiveness and litigiousness, on the other, also are examined. 相似文献
52.
Neighborhood Stress and Life Satisfaction: Is there a Relationship for African American Adolescents?
Valois Robert F. Kerr Jelani C. Carey Michael P. Brown Larry K. Romer Daniel DiClemente Ralph J. Vanable Peter A. 《Applied research in quality of life》2020,15(1):273-296
Applied Research in Quality of Life - This study identified associations between perceived neighborhood stress and adolescents’ perceptions of life satisfaction. African American adolescents... 相似文献
53.
Roughton RE 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2002,50(3):733-763
This presentation, written ten years after the American Psychoanalytic Association adopted a nondiscrimination policy with regard to sexual orientation, discusses the evolving relationship between psychoanalysis and homosexuality. The paper is in three sections: (1) the process of policy change and the overturning of injustice; (2) the excursion after Freud's death into analytic bias and extreme pathologizing of homosexuality, the struggle to overcome those distortions, and the lessons to be learned from this history; and (3) the search, in the coming decade, for new understanding of homosexuality and all aspects of sexuality. 相似文献
54.
This study assessed family perception patterns of interpersonal behavior in families with a daughter diagnosed with an eating disorder 6 years after treatment that used a prospective design. Family perception patterns of patients found to have a poor outcome at followup (n = 15) were compared with patients with a good outcome (n = 23), as well as a control group (n = 36). Using the system of multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG), all 238 family members evaluated themselves and each other. The index patients with a poor outcome perceived themselves as friendlier and more positive than they were perceived by their families. In comparison to parents of daughters with a good outcome and the control group, parents of daughters in the poor outcome group perceived themselves to be less friendly than their partners perceived them to be. A rigid polarization of the perception of the index patient by family members and a discrepancy in this perception between the index patient and the rest of the family were found to be indicative of a poor prognosis. Implications for treatment based on family perception patterns of interpersonal behavior are discussed. 相似文献
55.
Ralph Metzner 《Behaviour research and therapy》1963,1(2-4):231-236
This paper is an attempt to analyse some of the features of obsessional neurosis in terms of learning theory. First, the syndrome is described and found to have three main features: brooding, strong impulses to do unacceptable things, and ritualistic, defence-substitute activities. Second, the classical psychoanalytic explanation of the etiology of obsession is reviewed. This theory locates the source of conflict in the anal stage, but fails to give a satisfactory account of the precipitating conditions and of the cause for the persistence or fixation of the neurotic responses. In the third section both the precipitating conditions and the fixation conditions are analysed in terms of factors shown to be operative in animal learning experiments. 相似文献
56.
Urushihara K Wheeler DS Pineño O Miller RR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(2):184-198
Three conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats investigated superconditioning. In each experiment, alternate exposures of 2 flavor compounds with a common element (i.e., AB/AS) were administered to establish an inhibitory relationship between the 2 unique elements, B and S, and prior to testing, S was paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). In Experiment 1, pairings of a neutral cue (X) with S in compound with B after the AB/AS exposures resulted in superconditioning between X and S. Extinction of the common element (A) just before the S-LiCl pairing attenuated both the inhibitory relationship between B and S (Experiment 2) and superconditioning between X and S (Experiment 3). These observations suggest that superconditioning consists of enhanced performance rather than enhanced associative acquisition. 相似文献
57.
Arcediano F Matute H Escobar M Miller RR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(2):228-237
In the analysis of stimulus competition in causal judgment, 4 variables have been frequently confounded with respect to the conditions necessary for stimuli to compete: causal status of the competing stimuli (causes vs. effects), temporal order of the competing stimuli (antecedent vs. subsequent) relative to the noncompeting stimulus, directionality of training (predictive vs. diagnostic), and directionality of testing (predictive vs. diagnostic). In a factorial study using an overshadowing preparation, the authors isolated the role of each of these variables and their interactions. The results indicate that competition may be obtained in all conditions. Although some of the results are compatible with various theories of learning, the observation of stimulus competition in all conditions calls for a less restrictive reformulation of current learning theories that allows similar processing of antecedent and subsequent events, as well as of causes and effects. 相似文献
58.
Benedict RH 《CNS spectrums》2005,10(5):384-391
Cognitive dysfunction, a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), frequently leads to impaired activities of daily living, social skills deficits, diminished social support, and unemployment. There is growing evidence indicating that cognitive impairment is amenable to the effects of medication and behavioral counseling. Unfortunately, routine neuropsychological testing is rare in MS clinics because screening is ineffective and testing strategies are often too cumbersome or expensive. Recent research supports the reliability of a brief screening test called the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire as well as a minimal neuropsychological battery called the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis. Data indicate that the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire has excellent split-half and test-retest reliability, and that it predicts neuropsychological deficiency with good sensitivity and specificity. Recently acquired data also show that the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis tests have good test-retest reliability, discriminate MS patients from normal controls, and predict unemployment in MS patients. Thus, these or similar methods should be employed for the routine monitoring of cognitive functioning of MS patients. 相似文献
59.
Jefferies E Jones R Bateman D Ralph MA 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(1):20-42
Patients with semantic dementia can show superior immediate recall of words that they still understand relatively well, as compared with more semantically degraded words, suggesting that conceptual knowledge makes a major contribution to phonological short-term memory. However, a number of studies have failed to show such a recall difference, challenging this view. We examined the effect of several methodological factors on the recall of known and degraded words in 4 patients with semantic dementia, in order to investigate possible reasons for this discrepancy. In general, our patients did exhibit poorer recall of the degraded words and made more phonological errors on these items. In addition, set size affected the magnitude of the recall advantage for known words. This finding suggests that semantic degradation influenced the rate of learning in the immediate recall task when the same items were presented repeatedly. The methods used to select known and degraded items also impacted on the recall difference. List length, however, did not affect the advantage for known words. The coherence of items in phonological short-term memory was affected by their semantic status, but not by the length of the material to be retained. The implications of these findings for the role of semantic and phonological representations in verbal short-term memory are discussed. 相似文献
60.
Denniston JC Blaisdell AP Miller RR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2004,30(3):190-202
Two experiments with rats as subjects were conducted to investigate the associative structure of temporal control of conditioned inhibition through posttraining manipulation of the training excitor-unconditioned stimulus (US) temporal relationship. Experiment 1 found that following simultaneous Pavlovian inhibition training (i.e., A --> US/XA-no US) in which a conditioned stimulus (CS A) was established as a delay excitor, maximal inhibition was observed on a summation test when CS X was compounded with a delay transfer CS. Furthermore, posttraining shifts in the A-US temporal relationship from delay to trace resulted in maximal inhibition of a trace transfer CS. Experiment 2 found complementary results to Experiment 1 with an A-US posttraining shift from serial to simultaneous. These results suggest that temporal control of inhibition is mediated by the training excitor-US temporal relationship. 相似文献