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141.
Aarti Iyer Jolanda Jetten S. Alexander Haslam 《European journal of social psychology》2012,42(2):141-149
We examined how a group's claim to moral superiority influences evaluations of rule‐breaking by ingroup members. Moral superiority was manipulated among researchers (Study 1) and British citizens (Study 2), after which group members were presented with ingroup rule‐breakers: a researcher violating ethical rules (Study 1) and British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners (Study 2). In both studies, higher and lower identifiers in the control condition perceived the rule‐breaking as equally damaging, evaluated the rule‐breakers equally negatively and recommended equally harsh punishments. When the group had taken the moral high ground, lower identifiers perceived the rule‐breaking as more damaging than did higher identifiers. In addition, higher identifiers evaluated the rule‐breakers less negatively and recommended more lenient punishments. Results of mediation analyses demonstrated that negative evaluations of, and recommended punishment for, the rule‐breakers were explained by the perceived damage that their behaviour caused to the ingroup. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
142.
Miguez G Witnauer JE Miller RR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2012,38(1):40-51
Three conditioned suppression experiments with rats as subjects assessed the contributions of the conditioned stimulus (CS)-context and context-unconditioned stimulus (US) associations to the degraded stimulus control by the CS that is observed following partial reinforcement relative to continuous reinforcement training. In Experiment 1, posttraining associative deflation (i.e., extinction) of the training context after partial reinforcement restored responding to a level comparable to the one produced by continuous reinforcement. In Experiment 2, posttraining associative inflation of the context (achieved by administering unsignaled outcome presentations in the context) enhanced the detrimental effect of partial reinforcement. Experiment 3 found that the training context must be an effective competitor to produce the partial reinforcement acquisition deficit. When the context was down-modulated, the target regained behavioral control thereby demonstrating higher-order retrospective revaluation. The results are discussed in terms of retrospective revaluation, and are used to contrast the predictions of a performance-focused model with those of an acquisition-focused model. 相似文献
143.
Beth Troutman Tracy E. Moran Stephan Arndt Ralph F. Johnson Michael Chmielewski 《Infant mental health journal》2012,33(1):45-54
Maternal parenting self‐efficacy (PSE) is a potential target for infant mental health interventions because it is associated with a number of positive outcomes for children and mothers. Understanding the development of maternal PSE under conditions of increased parenting stress, such as parenting an infant who is easily distressed and difficult to soothe, will contribute to providing more effective interventions. This study examines the development of maternal PSE in mothers of infants with high negative emotionality (NE). The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS; T. Brazelton, 1973 ) was administered twice to 111 infants to select a sample of irritable (n = 24) and nonirritable (n = 29) infants for a prospective study comparing the development of PSE in mothers of infants differing in neonatal NE. Consistent with our hypotheses and previous research, at 8 weeks' postpartum, mothers of irritable infants have significantly lower domain‐specific PSE than do mothers of nonirritable infants. Contrary to our predictions, mothers of irritable infants exhibit a significant increase in domain‐specific and domain‐general PSE from 8 to 16 weeks' postpartum. The implications of these results for infant mental health screening, infant mental health interventions, and research on self‐efficacy theory are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Holloway RL 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2012,35(4):226
Design features for language and stone toolmaking (not tool use) involve similar if not homologous cognitive processes. Both are arbitrary transformations of internal "intrinsic" symbolization, whereas non-human tool using is mostly an iconic transformation. The major discontinuity between humans and non-humans (chimpanzees) is language. The presence of stone tools made to standardized patterns suggests communicative and social control skills that involved language. 相似文献
145.
Todorov A 《Motivation and emotion》2012,36(1):16-26
Faces are one of the most significant social stimuli and the processes underlying face perception are at the intersection
of cognition, affect, and motivation. Vision scientists have had a tremendous success of mapping the regions for perceptual
analysis of faces in posterior cortex. Based on evidence from (a) single unit recording studies in monkeys and humans; (b)
human functional localizer studies; and (c) meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies, I argue that faces automatically evoke
responses not only in these regions but also in the amygdala. I also argue that (a) a key property of faces represented in
the amygdala is their typicality; and (b) one of the functions of the amygdala is to bias attention to atypical faces, which
are associated with higher uncertainty. This framework is consistent with a number of other amygdala findings not involving
faces, suggesting a general account for the role of the amygdala in perception. 相似文献
146.
The primary aim of this research was to investigate associations that depression severity and trait anxiety have with reactions to specific, identifiable thoughts experienced by persons with varying levels of personality disorder (PD) pathology as they went about their day-to-day lives. Ninety-eight psychotropic medication-free persons participated in an experience sampling assessment procedure over four consecutive days, during which participants recorded specific thoughts experienced moments before a page signal was received and corresponding ratings of thought discomfort. Thought discomfort, regarded as an emotional reaction to thoughts or their evaluation, was moderately associated with several forms of PD pathology, particularly Cluster C pathology. Once depression severity and trait anxiety were controlled, however, associations between PD pathology and thought discomfort were eliminated. Findings from this research generally support the mood-congruence of negatively valenced thoughts in relation to PD pathology. 相似文献
147.
148.
The stereotype content model (SCM) posits that warmth and competence are the key components underlying judgments about social groups. Because competence can encompass different components (e.g., intelligence, talent) different group members may be perceived to be competent for different reasons. Therefore, we believe it may be important to specify the type of competence being assessed when examining perceptions of groups that are positively stereotyped (i.e., Black athletes and musical Blacks). Consistent with the SCM, these subgroups were perceived as high in competence-talent but not in competence-intelligence and low in warmth. Both the intelligence and talent frame of competence fit in the SCM's social structural hypothesis. 相似文献
149.
Gerard M. Martin Ashar Pirzada Alexander Bridger Julian Tomlin Christina M. Thorpe Darlene M. Skinner 《Learning and motivation》2011,42(4):288-299
Rats were able to search multiple food cups in a foraging task and successfully return to a fixed, but not a variable, start location. Reducing the number of food cups to be searched resulted in an improvement in performance in the variable start condition. Performance was better when only one or two food cups had to be visited but was still impaired if the food was not found in the first cup searched. Variable start locations impaired performance when only one food cup had to be searched, if that cup was moved over the table. These findings suggest that there is an interaction between memory processes and the navigational processes that allows an animal to return to its start location after a foraging trip. It appears that a fixed location for the food or the start point of a foraging trip is a necessary precondition for accurate performance. 相似文献
150.
Internalism about a person’s good is roughly the view that in order for something to intrinsically enhance a person’s well-being,
that person must be capable of caring about that thing. I argue in this paper that internalism about a person’s good should
not be believed. Though many philosophers accept the view, Connie Rosati provides the most comprehensive case in favor of
it. Her defense of the view consists mainly in offering five independent arguments to think that at least some form of internalism
about one’s good is true. But I argue that, on closer inspection, not one of these arguments succeeds. The problems don’t
end there, however. While Rosati offers good reasons to think that what she calls ‘two-tier internalism’ would be the best
way to formulate the intuition behind internalism about one’s good, I argue that two-tier internalism is actually false. In
particular, the problem is that no substantive theory of well-being is consistent with two-tier internalism. Accordingly,
there is reason to think that even the best version of internalism about one’s good is in fact false. Thus, I conclude, the
prospects for internalism about a person’s good do not look promising. 相似文献