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A perceptual frequency variant of the orthographic cue (OC) hypothesis (Peressotti, Cubelli, & Job, 2003) was tested in two perceptual identification experiments using the variable viewing position technique: German nouns and non-nouns that are most frequently perceived with or without initial letter capitalization, respectively, were tachistoscopically presented in upper-case, lower-case, or with initial capitalization. The results indicated that words were best recognized in the form they are most frequently perceived in, which suggests that during reading acquisition abstract as well as case- and item-specific OCs may be learned and used for recognition. 相似文献
173.
We show that simple perceptual competences can emerge from an internal simulation of action effects and are thus grounded in behavior. A simulated agent learns to distinguish between dead ends and corridors without the necessity to represent these concepts in the sensory domain. Initially, the agent is only endowed with a simple value system and the means to extract low-level features from an image. In the interaction with the environment, it acquires a visuo-tactile forward model that allows the agent to predict how the visual input is changing under its movements, and whether movements will lead to a collision. From short-term predictions based on the forward model, the agent learns an inverse model. The inverse model in turn produces suggestions about which actions should be simulated in long-term predictions, and long-term predictions eventually give rise to the perceptual ability. 相似文献
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In the context of text recall it is often stated that surface representations are quickly forgotten. Jarvella (1971) and Sachs
(1967) argued that what is retained beyond sentence boundaries is meaning information, whereas lexical and syntactic information
is only available for the most recent constituent. We based a text recall experiment on Jarvella’s paradigm, in order to demonstrate
that both meaning and grammatical gender information contribute to the recall of short text passages. Although it is known
that grammatical gender information is used in anaphor resolution, even if noun and pronoun do not belong to adjacent sentences,
there is no direct evidence for a gender contribution to text memory so far. The present experiment demonstrates that grammatical
gender information, even when of no semantic importance, is retained beyond sentence boundaries and can contribute to the
memory representation of subsequent text. All materials and additional statistics may be downloaded from mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
176.
Jennifer Nicolai Ralf Demmel Jutta Hagen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(4):367-375
Empathy has been shown to affect the quality of care by enhancing the physician–patient relationship and promoting effective
communication. In this study, the newly developed Rating Scales for the Assessment of Empathic Communication in Medical Interviews
(REM), designed to assess empathy and confrontation in physician–patient interactions, were subjected to preliminary psychometric
testing. Particular attention was paid to face validity, reliability, sensitivity, and practicality. A total of 118 volunteers
were asked to assess transcribed interactions between physicians and a standardized patient using the REM. In order to assess
the convergent validity of the REM, the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code (MITI) and the Behavior Change
Counseling Index (BECCI) were used. Factor analysis identified two subscales, reflecting empathy and confrontation. Interrater
reliability coefficients for items ranged from r = .82 to .97; Cronbach’s alphas for the two subscales were .89 and .88, respectively. The convergent validity was supported
by substantial correlations between the REM scores and the MITI scores and by significant correlations between the REM scores
and the BECCI score. The REM demonstrated good psychometric properties suggesting the rating scales might be useful in clinical
practice, research endeavors, and medical education. Further research is necessary to assess the test-retest reliability as
well as the predictive validity of this instrument. 相似文献
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