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71.
To address the question of whether cognitive plasticity varies by age and level of cognitive functioning in the older population, the authors used a self-guided retest paradigm to assess the basic forms of plasticity of 34 young-olds (M=74.4 years, range=70-79) and 34 oldest-olds (M=84.0 years, range=80-91), with half in each age group screened for high or low (midrange) level of cognitive functioning. As a whole, members of the sample represent about the upper two thirds of their age cohorts. Results show persistent, though age-reduced, learning in all samples and across all tests. However, age is not differentially "kinder" to the more able with respect to the age-graded decline in learning. 相似文献
72.
Tool use consists of at least two coupled phases of activities, involving multi-step problem solving. It therefore provides an interesting window on the development of planning in goal-directed behavior. This study investigated 2-year-olds' and 3-year-olds' hand use in picking up and subsequently using a tool for displacing a target-object towards a specified goal location. The children had to use a stick (Experiment 1; N = 41 in total) or a cane (hooked stick) that was lying in varying starting orientations (Experiment 2; N = 32 in total). Age differences were found in the way goal-related information in combination with tool-related information influenced the choice of which hand to use in different phases of the task. A view on action planning is developed as a dynamic action-selection process for which actions to take. This process integrates factors that are internal to the child's action system (e.g. motor preferences and dexterity) with external (i.e. sensory) sources of information. 相似文献
73.
Zwiebel R 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2004,73(1):215-265
The development of a third position is a key aspect of the analyst's ability to survive in the analytic relationship. In exploring the value of the third position, the author discusses other models relevant to clinical work, including the analytic-therapeutic position, the internal analyst, the alive analytic contact, and the phobic position. A case example illustrates these models and forms the basis for further discussion of the internal analytic working process. 相似文献
74.
Krampe RT Mayr U Kliegl R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(3):379-397
The authors demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of target durations require low-level timing and executive control. Sixteen young (M-sub(age) = 19 years) and 16 older (M-sub(age) = 70 years) adults participated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, individual mean-variance functions for low-level timing (isochronous tapping) and the sequencing of multiple targets (rhythm production) revealed (a) a dissociation of low-level timing and sequencing in both age groups, (b) negligible age differences for low-level timing, and (c) large age differences for sequencing. Experiment 2 supported the distinction between low-level timing and executive functions: Selection against a dominant rhythm and switching between rhythms impaired performances in both age groups and induced pronounced perseveration of the dominant pattern in older adults. 相似文献
75.
76.
Based on findings regarding unconscious semantic information-processing for meaningful visual stimuli, this paper describes a standardized procedure for the construction of constant signal to noise ratio for the masking of complex sounds. The proposed algorithm is derived from psychoacoustical laws concerning frequency and time-weighting of sound. Spectral characteristics are taken into account by mixing signal and white noise within frequency ranges defined through critical bandwidth ("narrow-band masking"). Furthermore, time-weighting is taken into account using sound-pressure patterns generated through low pass filters which follow the international specification DIN IEC 651 which provides specification for sound-level meters. Hardware and software circuits are described in detail. This proposal overcomes recognized lack of standardized methods in studies addressing unconscious semantic processing of auditory stimuli. 相似文献
77.
Ralf Stoecker 《Erkenntnis》1998,48(2-3):395-413
The widely agreed view that actions are events faces the problem of how to describe the “branches” in so-called action trees,
i.e. actions which are done by doing other actions. Moreover, the view is also inconsistent with the existence of two familiar
species of agency: omitting something and letting things happen. In this article, an alternative conception of action is proposed
which takes letting happen as the paradigm of agency. Agency should be construed as an explanatory relation between agents
and things happening in the world. This relational view of agency can accommodate for all kinds of agency: doing, letting
happen, omitting, prohibiting. And it also provides a satisfactory account of the ontological basis of action trees.
We should at first say that to do something is to originate or to bring into existence, i.e., really, to cause, some not yet
existing state either of ourselves or of someone else, or, again, of some body.
H.A. Prichard, Acting, Willing, Desiring
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
78.
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80.
Philip W. Ott Ph.D. 《Journal of religion and health》1991,30(1):43-57
This paper explores John Wesley's concept of health as wholeness. Three themes gleaned from the medical community of his day-the idea of the well-working of the body as a whole, the view of sympathy throughout one's total being, and a belief in the natural means of promoting health-were critical for Wesley. Moreover, the themes were interconnected. Because of the symbiotic relation between body and spirit, a well-working body was fundamental to Wesley's wholistic view of health. Furthermore, sensible regimen was viewed as the natural way of realizing a life of health and wholeness. 相似文献