Klinische Sexuologie im sozialen Kontext

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Guiding trustful behavior: The role of accessible content and accessibility experiences

Trust has been identified as a key ingredient to the prosperity of close relationships, organizations, and societies. While research mainly focused on the antecedents and consequences of trust, much less is known about how individuals assess whether there are enough reasons to warrant trustful action. Two experiments explored the how and when of this assessment, suggesting that antecedents may not only be integrated as content information per se (as generally assumed), but in a feeling‐based summary form. Specifically, our results show that the ease or difficulty associated with the identification of antecedents to trust may guide trustful behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that such a feeling‐based influence is particularly likely to occur in conditions of personal certainty. Together these results extend prior research in the domains of trust and economic games, and further attest to the fundamental role cognitive feelings play in social life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wo sind die 26% ?unbehandelte“ psychisch Kranken?

Epidemiological studies show that nearly 40% of the western population is mentally ill and only 7% make use of publicly financed psychotherapy. Where are the remaining 33%? Some of them search for help in esoteric, self-help groups and with alternative practitioners. Another group can be found as a customer of the legal system. In view of the prevalence of paraphilic phantasms the question is how high this grey zone in terms of the paraphilias actually is among the persons who because of paraphilic fantasies do not take advantage of psychotherapy. It can be asked if these phantasms can be considered as a form of self-cure to avoid worse states. How high is the proportion of mentally ill detainees and how many should be in jail because they are occupying niches in the social system open for criminals? It is argued that a direct assignment of these groups to psychotherapy would be unreasonable and ineffective. A significant improvement could be expected if the research-oriented knowledge offered to the future experts gives room to a more customer and patient-oriented training.     

Zur logikabh?ngigkeit wissenschafts-theoretischer Paradoxien

Investigations in meta-theoretical topics such as the definability of disposition terms or the explication of qualitative and quantitative concepts of confirmation, as well as discussions of various systems of modal logic, e.g., deontic logic, often deal with a number of well known paradoxes. In general, classical logic is used in deriving the paradox of the ravens, Goodman's paradox, the paradoxes of derived obligation, etc. The questions whether these paradoxes depend essentially on the use of classical logic and whether they can be avoided by using intuitionistic or minimal logic are considered.     

Dyad Gender Differences in Preadolescents' Creative Stories

This study extended research on gender differences in creative stories written by individuals to creative stories written in collaboration with a same- or an other-gender peer partner. Participants were 104 preadolescent sixth graders, mostly White and middle class. Same- and other-gender peer partners (18 girl, 16 boy, and 17 mixed-gender dyads) worked together for 4 weeks to write creative stories based on mystery pictures. Story ideas were coded into one of seven categories (i.e., overt aggression, verbal aggression, relational aggression, prosocial behavior, negative emotion, positive emotion, and neutral/other). Boy dyads' stories included a greater proportion of overtly aggressive story ideas and a lesser proportion of prosocial story ideas than did girl dyads' stories. Mixed-gender dyads' stories contained a greater proportion of prosocial ideas than did boy dyads' stories. Findings are discussed in light of a social-contextual approach to gender differences and similarities.     

Subitizing and its subprocesses

 When people are presented with small sets of elements such as dots they can very easily determine their number. This ability has been called subitizing. The present paper reports results from four experiments. The discussion focuses on the question whether one or two psychological processes have to be assumed for this task of subitizing. Taken together our results support the two-process theories. In particular, a distinction between a process of separation and a process of enumeration is suggested. Experiments 3 and 4 support the canonical pattern hypothesis. Canonical patterns are processed substantially faster than noncanonical patterns. Furthermore, if a complex pattern can be broken down into small canonical patterns, then participants follow a partition and add strategy. Accepted: 22 December 1999