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161.
162.
Effects of Mood on Evaluative Judgements: Influence of Reduced Processing Capacity and Mood Salience
Schwarz and Clore (1983) proposed that the effects of mood on evaluative judgements are due to people's use of a “feeling heuristic”. Results of the present study suggest that this heuristic is particularly likely to be used under conditions of reduced processing capacity, induced by time pressure and competing task demands, as both factors intensified the effects of mood on evaluative judgements. In addition, previous findings that increasing the salience of a judgement-irrelevant cause disrupts the effects of mood on evaluative judgements were replicated. All of these effects were, however, obtained only when mood was salient to the participants, suggesting that to be effective, mood must exceed a threshold of salience. Taken together, the findings further support the hypothesis that at least in some situations, the effects of moods on evaluative judgements are based on a controlled inference strategy, rather than on automatic priming effects. 相似文献
163.
This paper investigates how individuals deal with demands of social and economic change in the domains of work and family
when opportunities for their mastery are unfavorable. Theoretical considerations and empirical research suggest that with
unattainable goals and unmanageable demands motivational disengagement and self-protective cognitions bring about superior
outcomes than continued goal striving. Building on research on developmental deadlines, this paper introduces the concept
of developmental barriers to address socioeconomic conditions of severely constrained opportunities in certain geographical
regions. Mixed-effects methods were used to model cross-level interactions between individual-level compensatory secondary
control and regional-level opportunity structures in terms of social indicators for the economic prosperity and family friendliness.
Results showed that disengagement was positively associated with general life satisfaction in regions that were economically
devastated and has less than average services for families. In regions that were economically well off and family-friendly,
the association was negative. Similar results were found for self-protection concerning domain-specific satisfaction with
life. These findings suggest that compensatory secondary control can be an adaptive way of mastering a demand when primary
control is not possible. 相似文献
164.
Christian Kandler Rainer Riemann Frank M. Spinath Alois Angleitner 《Journal of personality》2010,78(5):1565-1594
ABSTRACT This study considered the validity of the personality structure based on the Five‐Factor Model using both self‐ and peer reports on twins' NEO‐PI‐R facets. Separating common from specific genetic variance in self‐ and peer reports, this study examined genetic substance of different trait levels and rater‐specific perspectives relating to personality judgments. Data of 919 twin pairs were analyzed using a multiple‐rater twin model to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on domain‐level trait, facet‐specific trait, and rater‐specific variance. About two thirds of both the domain‐level trait variance and the facet‐specific trait variance was attributable to genetic factors. This suggests that the more personality is measured accurately, the better these measures reflect the genetic structure. Specific variance in self‐ and peer reports also showed modest to substantial genetic influence. This may indicate not only genetically influenced self‐rater biases but also substance components specific for self‐ and peer raters' perspectives on traits actually measured. 相似文献
165.
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. Manfred Wolfersdorf Dr. biol. hum. Dipl.-Soz. Dipl.-Soz.-Päd. Rüdiger Vogel Dr. med. Rainer Vogl Dipl.-Psych. Tanja Neuner PD. Dr. biol. hum. Ferdinand Keller Dipl.-Psych. PD Dr. med. Hermann Spießl Dr. med. Christoph Franke 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2010,4(3):193-201
Suicide prevention especially with psychiatric inpatients is traditionally a very important aspect of psychiatric treatment. During the 1970s and 1980s there was a noticeable increase in so-called hospital suicides in Germany, especially suicides of schizophrenic inpatients. The number of psychiatric inpatient suicides has currently decreased again and a shift to more depressive suicides has also been observed. Furthermore questions which are asked in court are presented and discussed. 相似文献
166.
Christian Kandler Trine Waaktaar René Mõttus Rainer Riemann Svenn Torgersen 《欧洲人格杂志》2019,33(3):221-244
In two studies, we examined the genetic and environmental sources of the unfolding of personality trait differences from childhood to emerging adulthood. Using self‐reports from over 3000 representative German twin pairs of three birth cohorts, we could replicate previous findings on the primary role of genetic sources accounting for the unfolding of inter‐individual differences in personality traits and stabilizing trait differences during adolescence. More specifically, the genetic variance increased between early (ages 10–12 years) and late (ages 16–18 years) adolescence and stabilized between late adolescence and young adulthood (ages 21–25 years). This trend could be confirmed in a second three‐wave longitudinal study of adolescents' personality self‐reports and parent ratings from about 1400 Norwegian twin families (average ages between 15 and 20 years). Moreover, the longitudinal study provided evidence for increasing genetic differences being primarily due to accumulation of novel genetic influences instead of an amplification of initial genetic variation. This is in line with cumulative interaction effects between twins' correlated genetic makeups and environmental circumstances shared by adolescent twins reared together. In other words, nature × nurture interactions rather than transactions can account for increases in genetic variance and thus personality variance during adolescence. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
167.
How flexible are Internet experts in taking the perspective of laypersons? A Web experimental approach is presented that examines the Internet experts' perspective taking in planning explanations for laypersons. The Internet was the topic to be communicated and it also provided the means to implement the experimental method. Participants rated how extensively they would treat some specific concepts when explaining a topic such as the WWW. Independent variables were the addressee's intention, their level of domain knowledge, and the importance of the concepts to be evaluated. The results show that the experts preferred planning strategies that integrated all three types of information. Though their planning decisions were mainly guided by conceptual constraints, the Internet experts also took into account information about the addressee's intention and prior knowledge. 相似文献
168.
Supportive Social Contexts and Intentions for Civic and Political Participation: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour 下载免费PDF全文
Maria K. Pavlova Rainer K. Silbereisen 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2015,25(5):432-446
We investigated how general social support from family, friends and acquaintances, and community predicted intentions for civic (e.g. volunteering) and political (e.g. petitioning) participation via the constructs specified in the theory of planned behaviour. Participants were young adults living in the former East Germany, a post‐communist region, who were surveyed by telephone in 2010 (Ncivic = 695, Npolitical = 694). Civic participation was perceived more favourably than political participation. Supportive family predicted intentions for civic participation; supportive community services predicted both types of intentions; and supportive friends and acquaintances had no significant effects. The mediating variables were subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, but not attitudes. All effects were controlled for sociodemographic variables, richness of the social network, and past experience of civic and political participation. Findings underscore the role of supportive community in fostering both civic and political participation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
169.
Maria K. Pavlova Astrid Körner Rainer K. Silbereisen 《Research in human development》2015,12(1-2):100-117
Are social contexts as important to civic participation in adulthood as they are in adolescence? And does their significance for civic participation vary across adulthood? Using data from a cross-sectional sample of German adults aged 18 to 75 who were surveyed in 2013 by mail, the authors investigated the relationships of perceived family support, perceived support from friends, place attachment, social cohesion, and organizational collective efficacy with three indicators of civic participation. The authors split the sample into four age groups: 18 to 29 (n1 = 442), 30 to 44 (n2 = 596), 45 to 59 (n3 = 1,095), and 60 to 75 (n4 = 931). Perceived support from family was negatively associated with the breadth (i.e., the number of domains) of civic participation in the youngest group and with future intentions for civic participation in three age groups. Perceived support from friends had positive relationships with the intensity (i.e., frequency) of civic participation and with future intentions at age 30 to 44. Place attachment and organizational collective efficacy were positively related to all indicators of civic participation, and some of these associations held across age groups. In contrast, social cohesion had no significant effects. The authors discuss implications for fostering civic participation across adulthood. 相似文献
170.
Rainer Reisenzein 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(4):308-311
Although Pilati et al.'s (2014) findings question the strong quantitative universality of the attribution‐affect model of helping, they are consistent with a weak form of quantitative universality, as well as with the qualitative universality of the theory. However, universality is put into question by previous studies revealing significant and sizeable between‐study differences in the strength of the causal paths postulated by the theory. These differences may in part reflect differences in the type of helping situations studied. 相似文献