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131.
132.
The majority of computationally specified models of recognition memory have been based on a single-process interpretation,
claiming that familiarity is the only influence on recognition. There is increasing evidence that recognition is, in fact,
based on two processes: recollection and familiarity. This article reviews the current state of the evidence for dual-process
models, including the usefulness of the remember/know paradigm, and interprets the relevant results in terms of the source
of activation confusion (SAC) model of memory. We argue that the evidence from each of the areas we discuss, when combined,
presents a strong case that inclusion of a recollection process is necessary. Given this conclusion, we also argue that the
dual-process claim that the recollection process is always available is, in fact, more parsimonious than the single-process
claim that the recollection process is used only in certain paradigms. The value of a well-specified process model such as
the SAC model is discussed with regard to other types of dual-process models. 相似文献
133.
Mitchell RL 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(4):298-305
We are often required to interpret discordant emotional signals. Whereas equivalent cognitive paradigms cause noticeable conflict
via their behavioral and psychophysiological effects, the same may not necessarily be true for discordant emotions. Skin conductance
responses (SCRs) and heart rates (HRs) were measured during a classic Stroop task and one in which the emotions conveyed by
lexicosemantic content and prosody were congruent or incongruent. The participants’ task was to identify the emotion conveyed
by lexicosemantic content or prosody. No relationship was observed between HR and congruence. SCR was higher during incongruent
than during congruent conditions of the experimental task (as well as in the classic Stroop task), but no difference in SCR
was observed in a comparison between congruence effects during lexicosemantic emotion identification and those during prosodic
emotion identification. It is concluded that incongruence between lexicosemantic and prosodic emotion does cause notable cognitive
conflict. Functional neuroanatomic implications are discussed. 相似文献
134.
It is commonly observed that 'tone deaf' individuals are unable to hear the beat of a tune, yet deficits on simple timing tests have not been found. In this study, we investigated rhythm processing in nine individuals with congenital amusia ('tone deafness') and nine controls. Participants were presented with pairs of 5-note sequences, and were required to detect the presence of a lengthened interval. In different conditions the sound sequences were presented isochronously or in an integer-ratio rhythm, and these were either monotonic or varied randomly in pitch. It was found that the 'tone deaf' participants exhibited inferior rhythm analysis for the sequences that varied in pitch compared to those that did not, whereas the controls obtained equivalent thresholds for these two conditions. These results suggest that the rhythm deficits in congenital amusia result from the pitch-variations in music. 相似文献
135.
In previous research 2-year-olds have failed to show knowledge of solidity in a search task in which a ball rolled behind a screen and was stopped by a barrier. The screen had four doors and the barrier was visible above the door hiding the ball. To establish what cues 2-year-olds might be using, precise point-of-gaze measures were taken during the hiding event. A transparent screen with opaque doors provided two cues: (1) the ball could be tracked until it failed to emerge, and (2) the barrier's position could indicate the correct door. Point-of-gaze measures revealed that children failed to use the more indirect cue of the barrier, which requires reasoning and spatial integration. Their search success was predicted only by the more immediate cue of actively tracking the ball. These findings support the claim that children use best those cues directly related to the object's disappearance, while failing to use cues that entail higher cognitive demands. 相似文献
136.
Monahan J Steadman HJ Appelbaum PS Grisso T Mulvey EP Roth LH Robbins PC Banks S Silver E 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2006,24(6):721-730
The Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) is an interactive software program designed to estimate the risk that a person hospitalized for mental disorder will be violent to others. The software leads the evaluator through a chart review and a brief interview with the patient. At the end of this interview, the software generates a report that contains a statistically valid estimate of the patient's violence risk-ranging from a 1% to a 76% likelihood of violence-including the confidence interval for that estimate, and a list of the risk factors that the program took into account to produce the estimate. In this article, the development of the COVR software is described and several issues that arise in its administration are discussed. 相似文献
137.
Lemerise EA Fredstrom BK Kelley BM Bowersox AL Waford RN 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(4):559-571
The social goals and social problem-solving of children who varied in social adjustment were examined in the context of hypothetical ambiguous provocation situations in which provocateurs' emotion displays were systematically manipulated. Children rated the importance of six different social goals and explained how they would solve the problems. Social adjustment was measured with rating and nomination sociometric procedures. Rejected-aggressive, rejected-nonaggressive, average-nonaggressive, and popular-nonaggressive children showed both commonalities and differences in rating the six social goals, the relative importance of the six social goals, and social problem-solving depending on the provocateur's emotion display. When provocateurs were happy, there were few group differences, but when provocateurs were angry or sad, rejected-aggressive children: a) rated hostile/instrumental goals more positively; b) rated prosocial goals less positively; and c) made problem-solving responses that were less friendly than those of other children. Results are discussed in relation to Lemerise and Arsenio's (2000) model of emotion and social information processing. 相似文献
138.
Nerina L. Jimmieson Rachel L. Hannam Gillian B. Yeo 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2010,101(3):453-479
The present study investigated the impact of teachers' organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) on student quality of school life (SQSL) via the indirect effect of job efficacy. A measure of teacher OCBs was developed, tapping one dimension of individual‐focused OCB (OCBI – student‐directed behaviour) and two dimensions of organization‐focused OCB (OCBO – civic virtue and professional development). In line with previous research suggesting that OCBs may enhance job efficacy, as well as studies demonstrating the positive effects of teacher efficacy on student outcomes, we expected an indirect relationship between teachers OCBs and SQSL via teachers' job efficacy. Hypotheses were tested in a multi‐level design in which 170 teachers and their students (N=3,057) completed questionnaires. A significant proportion of variance in SQSL was attributable to classroom factors. Analyses revealed that the civic virtue and professional development behaviours of teachers were positively related to their job efficacy. The job efficacy of teachers also had a positive impact on all five indicators of SQSL. In regards to professional development, job efficacy acted as an indirect variable in the prediction of four student outcomes (i.e., general satisfaction, student–teacher relations, achievement, and opportunity) and fully mediated the direct negative effect on psychological distress. 相似文献
139.
Fogel VA Miltenberger RG Graves R Koehler S 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(4):591-600
Childhood obesity, which is due in part to lack of physical activity, is a serious concern that requires the attention of the behavioral community. Although excessive video game play has been noted in the literature as a contributor to childhood obesity, newer video gaming technology, called exergaming, has been designed to capitalize on the reinforcing effects of video games to increase physical activity in children. This study evaluated the effects of exergaming on physical activity among 4 inactive children in a physical education (PE) classroom. Results showed that exergaming produced substantially more minutes of physical activity and more minutes of opportunity to engage in physical activity than did the standard PE program. In addition, exergaming was socially acceptable to both the students and the PE teacher. Exergaming appears to hold promise as a method for increasing physical activity among inactive children and might be a possible intervention for childhood obesity. 相似文献
140.
Franklin JC Hessel ET Aaron RV Arthur MS Heilbron N Prinstein MJ 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2010,119(4):850-862
Although research on the reasons for engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has increased dramatically in the last few years, there are still many aspects of this pernicious behavior that are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to address these gaps in the literature, with a particular focus on investigating whether NSSI (a) regulates affective valence in addition to affective arousal and (b) serves a cognitive regulation function in addition to an affect regulation function. To elucidate these issues, the present study utilized a sample of 112 participants (33 controls, 39 no pain controls, 16 NSSI individuals, and 24 controls matching the affect dysregulation levels of the NSSI group), employed psychophysiological measures of affective valence (startle-alone reactivity) and quality of information processing (prepulse inhibition), and used experimental methods involving an NSSI-proxy to model the NSSI process. Results largely were consistent with predictions, supporting the hypotheses that NSSI serves to regulate cognitive processing and affective valence. On this latter point, however, the control groups also showed a decrease in negative affective valence after the NSSI-proxy. This unexpected finding is consistent with the hypothesis that opponent processes may contribute to the development of self-injurious behaviors (Joiner, 2005). Overall, the present study represents an important extension of previous laboratory NSSI studies and provides a fertile foundation for future studies aimed at understanding why people engage in NSSI. 相似文献