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881.
The expectations children bring to interactions, as well as the information they receive prior to them, may be important for children's experiences of new adults. In this study, 148 children (8-13years old) reported on their expectations of adults, received one of three types of information about a new adult (positive, realistic, or control), and then "interacted" with a videotaped "controlling" adult. The effect of information type depended on children's age and prior expectations, with expectancy effects emerging in the context of positive information at the younger end of our age range and in the context of realistic information at the older end of our age range. Furthermore, the more expectations exceeded perceptions (i.e., the more disappointment), the lower children's rapport, affect, and prosocial intentions were and the more internal causal attributions they made. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and applied contributions. 相似文献
882.
Michele D. Wallace Brian A. Iwata Gregory P. Hanley Rachel H. Thompson Eileen M. Roscoe 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2012,45(4):709-719
We conducted 2 studies to determine whether dense and thin NCR schedules exert different influences over behavior and whether these influences change as dense schedules are thinned. In Study 1, we observed that thin as well as dense NCR schedules effectively decreased problem behavior exhibited by 3 individuals. In Study 2, we compared the effects of 2 NCR schedules in multielement designs, one with and the other without an extinction (EXT) component, while both schedules were thinned. Problem behavior remained low as the NCR schedule with EXT was thinned, but either (a) did not decrease initially or (b) subsequently increased as the NCR schedule without EXT was thinned. These results suggest that dense schedules of NCR decrease behavior by altering its motivating operation but that extinction occurs as the NCR schedule is thinned. The benefits and limitations of using dense or thin NCR schedules are discussed. 相似文献
883.
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885.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), applied among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), using Rasch analysis. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted and the data of 102 people with SCI were analyzed. Rasch analyses were performed to assess dimensionality, overall and individual item fit, response scale structure, targeting, and differential item functioning. Results: The anxiety and depression subscales showed unidimensionality, that is, model and item fit. The two subscales are reliable (r = .72, 0.82) in SCI. No disordered structure of the response scales or differential item functioning in age, gender, education, relationship status, level of spinal lesion were found. Stepwise deletion of the misfitting items did not produce a total score that fulfilled the statistical criteria for unidimensionality. Conclusions: The results of the Rasch analyses support the use of the anxiety and depression subscales among people with SCI. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and examine sensitivity to change of the HADS in SCI, which would support its use in longitudinal observational and intervention studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
886.
Bruce D. Rapkin Elisa S. Weiss David W. Lounsbury Hayley S. Thompson Robert M. Goodman Clyde B. Schechter Cheryl Merzel Rachel C. Shelton Arthur E. Blank Jennifer Erb-Downward Abigail Williams Pamela Valera Deborah K. Padgett 《American journal of community psychology》2012,50(3-4):497-517
Dissemination efforts must optimize interventions for new settings and populations. As such, dissemination research should incorporate principles of quality improvement. Comprehensive Dynamic Trial (CDT) designs examine how information gained during dissemination may be used to modify interventions and improve performance. Although CDT may offer distinct advantages over static designs, organizing the many necessary roles and activities is a significant challenge. In this article, we discuss use of the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to systematically implement a CDT. Specifically, we describe “Bronx ACCESS”, a program designed to disseminate evidence‐based strategies to promote adherence to mammography guidelines. In Bronx ACCESS, the Intervention Delivery System will elicit information needed to adapt strategies to specific settings and circumstances. The Intervention Synthesis and Translation System will use this information to test changes to strategies through “embedded experiments”. The Intervention Support System will build local capacities found to be necessary for intervention institutionalization. Simulation modeling will be used to integrate findings across systems. Results will inform on‐going policy debate about interventions needed to promote population‐level screening. More generally, this project is intended to advance understanding of research paradigms necessary to study dissemination. Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith 相似文献
887.
We used opposing figural aftereffects to investigate whether there are at least partially separable representations of upright and inverted faces in patients who missed early visual experience because of bilateral congenital cataracts (mean age at test 19.5 years). Visually normal adults and 10-year-olds were tested for comparison. Adults showed the expected opposing aftereffects for upright and inverted faces. Ten-year-olds showed an adultlike aftereffect for upright faces but, unlike the adult group, no aftereffect for inverted faces. Patients failed to show an aftereffect for either upright or inverted faces. Overall, the results suggest that early visual input is necessary for the later development of (at least partially) separable representations of upright and inverted faces, a developmental process that takes many years to reach an adult-like refinement. 相似文献
888.
Spatial cognition is typically examined in non-human animals from the perspective of learning and memory. For this reason,
spatial tasks are often constrained by the time necessary for training or the capacity of the animal’s short-term memory.
A spatial task with limited learning and memory demands could allow for more efficient study of some aspects of spatial cognition.
The traveling salesman problem (TSP), used to study human visuospatial problem solving, is a simple task with modifiable learning
and memory requirements. In the current study, humans and rats were characterized in a navigational version of the TSP. Subjects
visited each of 10 baited targets in any sequence from a set starting location. Unlike similar experiments, the roles of learning
and memory were purposely minimized; all targets were perceptually available, no distracters were used, and each configuration
was tested only once. The task yielded a variety of behavioral measures, including target revisits and omissions, route length,
and frequency of transitions between each pair of targets. Both humans and rats consistently chose routes that were more efficient
than chance, but less efficient than optimal, and generally less efficient than routes produced by the nearest-neighbor strategy.
We conclude that the TSP is a useful and flexible task for the study of spatial cognition in human and non-human animals. 相似文献
889.
Gender differences in susceptibility to associative memory illusions in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm were investigated using negative and neutral word lists. Women (n=50) and men (n=50) studied 20 lists of 12 words that were associates of a non-presented critical lure. Ten lists were associates of negatively valenced lures (e.g., cry, evil) and ten were associates of neutral lures (e.g., chair, slow). When asked to recall the words after each list, women falsely recalled more negative lures than men, but there was no gender difference in the false recall of neutral lures. These findings suggest that women reflect on associations within negative lists to a greater degree than men and are thereby more likely to generate the negative critical lures. 相似文献
890.
Gross RG McMillan CT Chandrasekaran K Dreyfuss M Ash S Avants B Cook P Moore P Libon DJ Siderowf A Grossman M 《Brain and cognition》2012,78(2):85-93
Prior work has related sentence processing to executive deficits in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We extended this investigation to patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and PD dementia (PDD) by examining grammatical and working memory components of sentence processing in the full range of patients with Lewy body spectrum disorder (LBSD). Thirty-three patients with LBSD were given a two-alternative, forced-choice sentence-picture matching task. Sentence type, working memory, and grammatical structure were systematically manipulated in the sentences. We found that patients with PDD and DLB were significantly impaired relative to non-demented PD patients and healthy controls. The deficit in PDD/DLB was most pronounced for sentences lengthened by the strategic placement of an additional prepositional phrase and for sentences with an additional proposition due to a center-embedded clause. However, there was no effect for subject-relative versus object-relative grammatical structure. An MRI voxel-based morphometry analysis in a subset of patients showed significant gray matter thinning in the frontal lobe bilaterally, and this extended to temporal, parietal and occipital regions. A regression analysis related sentence processing difficulty in LBSD to frontal neocortex, including inferior prefrontal, premotor, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, as well as right superior temporal cortex. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that patients with PDD and DLB have difficulty processing sentences with increased working memory demands and that this deficit is related in part to their frontal disease. 相似文献