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191.
192.
Two experiments are reported, which were designed to test predictions of an account of same-different matching that assumes that bilaterally symmetric backgrounds provide extraneous evidence toward same, whereas asymmetric backgrounds provide evidence toward different. When all backgrounds within a block of trials are of the same type, appropriate adjustments of response criteria can be made to accommodate the irrelevant evidence and thus maintain acceptable levels of accuracy. However, when backgrounds of different types are mixed randomly, compromise criteria are adopted. This compromise-criteria account predicts distinctive interaction patterns for reaction times when blocked versus mixed presentations of various background types are compared. The predicted interactions were obtained for asymmetric- and no-noise backgrounds in Experiment 1 and for symmetric-, asymmetric-, and no-noise backgrounds in Experiment 2. The findings support the general view that extraneous display attributes are weighted into the evidence for same and different, with criteria settings used that minimize errors under the noisiest conditions. 相似文献
193.
Subjects read different versions of a rape case in which the victim was walking alone at night and the defendant was obviously guilty. Female subjects saw the crime as more debilitating for the victim and were more punitive than male subjects. Female subjects considered the victim less responsible when the defendant was unattractive than when the defendant was attractive. Presence or absence of prior casual acquaintance between the victim and assailant interacted with other factors. With prior acquaintance, male subjects considered the victim more responsible than female subjects, unattractive victims were considered more responsible than attractive victims, and unattractive defendants were considered more likely to engage in future antisocial behavior than attractive defendants. Although biased by other factors, level of victim blame was low overall. Yet subjects seemed reluctant to believe the rapist and his victim were unacquainted and seemed to consider the rape as sexually, rather than aggressively, motivated.The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Andrea R. Halpern and T. Joel Wade. Portions of this paper were presented at the meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Buffalo, New York, April 1988. 相似文献
194.
Homosexuals in the Armed Forces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
195.
196.
Robert Belmaker Eugenia Proctor Ben W. Feather 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1972,7(2):97-106
The physiological mechanism involved in human operant heart rate conditioning is not known. If skeletal muscle tension is a mediator, it should be possible to generate significant heart rate increases by inconspicuous voluntary muscle tension. Eleven subjects were instructed to generate inconspicuous muscle tension for 90-second periods. No gross muscle movements were observed, but average heart rate during the trials was over 13 beats-per-minute greater than pre-trial base lines. Respiratory pattern changes and surface electromyogram changes did not reliably correlate with heart rate increases. Inconspicuous muscle tension could be a mediator in human operant heart rate conditioning, and cannot be ruled out by absence of change in respiratory pattern or electromyogram. 相似文献
197.
Previous experiments have shown that during performance of a shadowing task the unattended message is processed at a semantic level. Four experiments are reported that deal with the question of how processing of the unattended message influences the difficulty of shadowing the attended message. Experiment I demonstrated that pupil dilation measures the difficulty associated with a shadowing task. In Experiment II it was shown that during shadowing of 20-item lists pupil dilation decreases as shadowing continues when either words or white noise are in the unattended channel. These results support the idea that it takes time for the attentional mechanism to focus on the attended message. In Experiments III and IV it was found that this decrease in difficulty of shadowing is much less when the attended and unattended messages come from the same stimulus category (letter-letter, digit-digit). The results indicate that, when the unattended message is from the same stimulus category as the attended message, it can interfere with the ability of the attentional system to focus on the attended message. 相似文献
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199.
When pairs of letters or letter strings are judged assame ordifferent, correctsame responses are usually faster than correctdifferent responses. Recently, Ratcliff and Hacker (1981, 1982) have argued that thissame-different disparity is likely attributable solely to a bias to respondsame. The present article reports an experiment in which the relative bias to respondsame ordifferent was varied for matches of single-letter pairs. Bias was manipulated by having 80, 60, 40, or 20 pairs in a block of 100 besame, with the remainder beingdifferent. For both sequential and simultaneous presentation of the letters,same reaction times had an overall advantage overdifferent reaction times that could not be attributed to response bias. Moreover, consistent with Proctor’s (1981) facilitation principle, this reaction time disparity was greater with sequential presentation than with simultaneous presentation. The larger reaction time advantage forsame pairs with sequential presentation was obtained without an increase in the relative number of false-same responses, supporting the view that the facilitation is attributable to changes in sensitivity and not to changes in encoding criteria. 相似文献
200.
Cross-modal compatibility effects with visual-spatial and auditory-verbal stimulus and response sets
Robert W. Proctor Addie Dutta Paul L. Kelly Daniel J. Weeks 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1994,55(1):42-47
Within the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modalities, reaction times to a stimulus have been shown to be faster if salient features of the stimulus and response sets correspond than if they do not. Accounts that attribute such stimulus-response compatibility effects to general translation processes predict that similar effects should occur for cross-modal stimulus and response sets. To test this prediction, three experiments were conducted examining four-choice reactions with (I) visual spatial-location stimuli assigned to speech responses, (2) speech stimuli assigned to keypress responses, and (3) symbolic visual stimuli assigned to speech responses. In all the experiments, responses were faster when correpondence between salient features of the stimulus and response sets was maintained, demonstrating that similar principles of translation operate both within and across modalities. 相似文献