抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍治疗的神经心理机制——脑成像研究的ALE元分析

抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍是两种最常见的精神障碍。使用激活似然估计(activation likelihood estimation,ALE)元分析对抑郁和焦虑障碍患者治疗后出现的一致脑区激活改变进行评估,并考察不同条件下这一改变的差异。研究共纳入25篇文献,结果发现:(1)抑郁和焦虑障碍接受治疗后,枕下回(inferior occipital gyrus,IOG)等脑区激活增加;豆状核(lentiform nucleus)等激活减少。(2)a.心理治疗产生的脑激活改变为豆状核活动的减少;药物治疗则在于扣带回(cingulate gyrus)等活动增加,而楔前叶(precuneus)等活动减少。b.任务下成像治疗后激活增加的脑区为扣带回等,减少的脑区为楔前叶等;静息下成像,治疗后枕下回等激活增加,额内侧回(medial frontal gyrus,MFG)等激活减少。c.抑郁障碍治疗后的脑激活变化为扣带回等活动增加,楔前叶等活动减少;焦虑障碍在于前扣带回/额内侧回(anterior cingulate/MFG)活动减少。研究表明治疗会给抑郁和焦虑障碍带来一致的脑区激活改变;治疗方法、成像状态和障碍类型不同,治疗后脑区激活改变也存在差异。     

Seeing yourself helps you see others

It has been proposed that self-face representations are involved in interpreting facial emotions of others. We experimentally primed participants' self-face representations. In Study 1, we assessed eye tracking patterns and performance on a facial emotion discrimination task, and in Study 2, we assessed emotion ratings between self and nonself groups. Results show that experimental priming of self-face representations increases visual exploration of faces, facilitates the speed of facial expression processing, and increases the emotional distance between expressions. These findings suggest that the ability to interpret facial expressions of others is intimately associated with the representations we have of our own faces.     

父母婚姻冲突对青少年抑郁情绪的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用整群抽样法选取宁波市四所中学初一至初三共537名学生为被试,以问卷调查法考察父母婚姻冲突与青少年抑郁情绪的关系,同时探讨心理韧性的中介作用,以及该作用是否受到社会支持的调节。结果发现：（1）心理韧性在父母婚姻冲突与青少年抑郁情绪之间起部分中介作用;（2）社会支持调节了父母婚姻冲突通过心理韧性影响青少年抑郁情绪中介过程的前半路径和后半路径。研究结果揭示了父母婚姻冲突影响青少年抑郁情绪的内部机制,对增强青少年心理韧性的强度以及减少抑郁等情绪问题具有重要的理论与实践价值。     

"做人"与"做事"

"做人"与"做事"是两个既重要又具有普遍性和活力的日常道德规范概念,在传统道德和现代性道德转型日益显著的今日中国,分析这两个看似普通实则艰难的伦理语汇具有重要性.在这样的背景下,笔者就廖申白教授作出的这方面论证进行了分析讨论,指出两者在日常伦理学方面的一些特点,以及在基础德性论与内部外部论证上的逻辑推导关系,并论述了这一基于"做人"和"做事"两个概念形成的初步理论的其他特征.     

服刑人员社会适应、父母教养方式及其应对方式研究

目的：了解服刑人员的社会适应状况,探讨服刑人员社会适应状况与其早期父母教养方式、应对方式之间的关系。方法：采用服刑人员社会适应量表、父母教养方式问卷和简易应对方式问卷对92名服刑人员进行调查。结果：（1）服刑人员的社会适应水平较劳教人员差;（2）服刑人员的早期父母教养方式与常模组有显著差异;（3）服刑人员的应对方式与常模组有显著差异,其积极应对和消极应对两个因子的得分都显著高于常模组;（4）服刑人员的父母教养方式、应对方式与社会适应准备状况之间存在一定程度的关系;（5）不同类型的服刑人员,其父母教养方式、应对方式和社会适应状况没有显著差异。结论：提高服刑人员的社会适应水平,帮助服刑人员做好回归社会的心理准备,是预防和减少再犯罪的有效途径。     

庄子之“游”的方式与境界

<庄子>全文紧紧围绕"游"这个中心,描述了"游物"、"游心"、"游混沌"三种不同方式的"游".与三种"游"式相应,庄子之"游"存在着"自然之境"、"功利之境"和"天地之境"三种境界,并由此表达了"无功"、"无名"和"无已"的价值取向,体现了对苦难人生的深重忧虑和对现实社会的极度无奈,折射了情感人世与理智出世相互纠葛的矛盾心态.     

贪官缘何问鬼神

近几年来,在被查处的贪官身后大多数都有“大师”的身影。他们或因官迷心窍,求“大师”指点升官捷径;或因做了亏心事,在反腐高压下惶惶不可终日,祈求在菩萨的保佑下,逢凶化吉,逃避打击。在没有被查处的领导干部中,不信马列信鬼神的也不乏其人。有的领导干部对一些“大师”津津乐道,甚至以认识个别“大师”为荣;有的领导干部家里堂而皇之地供奉着玉帝、观世音等神灵;有的领导干部每逢上任、购车等重大事情都要问问神灵;有的领导干部甚至连出行也要算日子。领导干部求神拜佛之风凸显了当前干部教育管理监督方面的“软肋”,应引起我们高度重视…     

Creativity and Confucianism Among American and Korean Educators

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in creative styles and Confucian ideas between Koreans and Americans and to examine the relationship between creativity and Confucianism. A total number of 579 educators (227 American and 352 Korean) participated in this study. Eastern-Western Perspective Scale was used to measure participants’ level of Confucianism and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking-Figural was used to measure participants’ level of creative potential. The results indicate that Koreans have strikingly more Confucian ideals than Americans, whereas Americans have more creative strengths and are more adaptively creative than Koreans. The results also indicate higher levels of Confucianism relate to lower levels of creativity. The Confucian elements that show negative relationships with creativity are suppression of expression, gender inequality, gender role expectations, and filial piety.     

Validation of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory–II (CEI–II) Among Chinese University Students in Hong Kong

This study aimed at validating the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory–II (CEI–II; Kashdan et al., 2009 Silvia, P. J., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Interesting things and curious people: Exploration and engagement as transient states and enduring strengths. Social Psychology and Personality Compass, 3, 785–797.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) in a Chinese context. A total of 294 Chinese first-year undergraduate students in Hong Kong completed the CEI–II and measures of satisfaction with university life, the Big Five personality traits, and human values. The results of exploratory structural equation modeling, parallel analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis supported a 1-factor solution and did not replicate the original 2-factor structure. Time invariance of the 1-factor structure was obtained among 242 participants who completed the questionnaires again after 4 months. The latent means and correlation indicated that curiosity as measured by the CEI–II was quite stable over the period of investigation. The CEI–II was found to be positively correlated with satisfaction with university life, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and openness to change values, but negatively with neuroticism and conservation values. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the CEI–II score had incremental validity above and beyond the Big Five personality traits in predicting human values and satisfaction with university life.