The impact of violations on uncertainty and the consequences for attractiveness

This investigation aimed at extending past research on expectation violations by arguing that violations vary both in valance and in their influence on uncertainty and that the combination of valence and uncertainty states conjointly influences judgments of a violator's social attractiveness. In explaining the predicted variance in uncertainty following violations, a distinction is proposed between congruent violations (i.e., behaviors that are more intense instantiations of a previously displayed message) and incongruent violations (i.e., behaviors that are opposite in meaning from previously displayed messages). Five models for explaining violation effects are contrasted. Results (a) confirm that violations differ in their impact on uncertainty, (b) generally support the validity of the proposed distinction between congruent and incongruent violations, and show that the inclusion of uncertainty and valence in models of violation outcomes accounts for greater variance in social attraction than either one separately.     

浅析阿尔贝特·施韦泽的医学伦理人格

阿尔贝特·施韦泽作为20世纪西方社会中极具影响力的人物,他所主张的敬畏生命的伦理思想固然值得我们今天学习研究、发扬光大,而他作为一名著名医学家,他传奇智慧的人生中所进行的一系列医学实践活动,更是展示了他热爱生命、热爱人类、热爱医学、富有理想、淡泊名利、甘于奉献医学的高尚医学伦理人格、炽热的医学伦理情怀,更值得我们当今每一位医务工作者和在校医学生敬仰、学习。     

Journal of South African Trip: January 14-March 1, 1986

This article is Carl's personal account, dictated en route, of his experiences during his trip to South Africa. He documents his extensive commitment to people and to a process leading to peace. He ends his journal with the conviction that violence can be avoided and that no group really wants violence.     

ADAPTING TO ADAPTIVE TESTING

Computer adaptive testing (CAT) is a relatively recent innovation in large scale testing programs, but has had very limited application in private industry. This paper describes the development of a CAT for use by a large insurance company in selecting computer programmer trainees. Incumbents provided the calibration and evaluation data. The CAT led to increased item security, but did not decrease required testing time. Further, the CAT was found to be similar to a conventional, fixed-item test in reliability and validity. In addition to actual test results, computer simulated test data were used in a more detailed evaluation of the CAT's effectiveness. The concluding discussion notes the advantages and disadvantages observed from the use of adaptive testing.     

The Newly Widowed Employee

Although significant numbers of the recently widowed are in the labor force, little attention has been directed to how employment counselors, supervisors, personnel managers, and colleagues can be more supportive to grieving employees and maintain harmony, productivity, and employer-employee satisfaction. This article outlines normal reactions to the death of a spouse, the needs and problems of the newly widowed, and techniques of helping the recently bereaved worker. The author discusses the benefits of those involved in counseling, supervising, or advising employees in terms of investment in employee productivity, good personnel practices, and improving human relations.     

New Procedures for Analyzing Relational Communication

The purpose of this paper is to present a system for describing and indexing patterns of communication at the relational level, primarily in dyadic systems. Relational communication refers to the control aspects of message exchanges that define an interactor's relationships with others. The reciprocal definition of each individual's role at a given moment in the interaction is reflected in the relative control each individual has and/or is given by the other individual. The control-defining aspects of communication, rather than other information such communication may convey, is the focus of the coding system to be described. Further, the analysis deals with sequences of messages rather than individual messages, and attempts to index the control dimensions of those messages according to their similarity or difference. While previous interaction analysis techniques have been predominantly monadic in nature, i.e., single-message coding schemes, the present approach is based on a systems level of analysis. ¹ 1 See Rogers ( 9 ) for a detailed review and critique of existing interaction coding schemes.
     

Reaction to Gunnison's Article on the Similarities Between Erickson and Rogers

Rogers and Erickson had no direct contact with each other's work. Whatever similarities exist developed independently. Rogers stresses his reliance on an intuitive relationship to the client's inner core and discusses the basis for this intuition. He also relies on a fundamental directional tendency which exists in every person. He trusts the client to choose his or her own goals. In these respects he sees some similarities between himself and Erickson, confirming Gunnison's points and going beyond them.