成人日常问题解决的老化研究

日常问题解决能力是近十几年来老年心理学中研究比较活跃的一个领域。本文介绍了有关日常问题解决研究的四种理论,即心理测量的智力内隐理论、形式后思维的辨证思维理论、信息加工理论和社会认知与智慧理论,及其初步的研究成果,并进一步指出在理论上整合和在实践中开展干预的研究方向。     

Patron Contact Training: A Workshop for Personnel Who Meet the Public

This article is intended to provide counselors with a format for designing and running workshops to train personnel employed in positions of high customer contact.     

Steps Toward Peace, 1948–1986: Tension Reduction in Theory and Practice

In this article Rogers elaborates a theory of tension reduction among antagonistic groups that he has been developing since 1948. Rogers also discusses why now, in his ninth decade, he has put such intense physical effort and personal energy into achieving peace.     

The Underlying Theory: Drawn from Experience with Individuals and Groups

This article is based on a presentation Carl made at the University of California, Irvine, on November 8, 1986. Carl focuses on the conditions that facilitate change—both in individuals and groups. Carl connects his theory of personal change with the process for achieving peace.     

Inside the World of the Soviet Professional

In this article Carl recounts his experiences with psychologists, educators, and researchers in the Soviet Union. While in the Soviet Union, Carl did live counseling sessions with Soviet citizens to demonstrate his person-centered approach. In the end, Carl reflects that the Soviet professional has needs and concerns similar to psychologists and educators in America. This is a joint report of work carried on by Carl Rogers and Ruth Sanford. The account was largely written by Carl, but Sanford contributed to it.     

THE PEN-BASED COMPUTER AS AN ALTERNATIVE PLATFORM FOR TEST ADMINISTRATION

Pen-based computers are similar to paper and pencil (P&P) tests in the method of responding, and thus, may more closely match paper and pencil administration in construct equivalence than keyboard-entry computers. A study was conducted comparing P&P, pen-based note-book computer, and keyboard-entry PC versions of two test batteries. Participants completed tests administered using different administration modes on separate days; construct equivalence was evaluated by comparing Day 1-Day 2 correlations across conditions. Although construct equivalence was found for the power tests, differences emerged for the speeded tests. For the pen-based computer, solid evidence of equivalence to P&P appeared for all but one of the speeded tests, whereas the keyboard PC showed borderline equivalence for only one of the three speeded tests. These findings suggested that the pen-entry computer may be more capable than the keyboard-entry computer in maintaining construct equivalence to P&P tests.     

Interpersonal Versus Mass Media Communication A False Dichotomy

We challenge the intellectual separation of interpersonal and mass media communication, arguing that this division of communication research rests primarily on grounds of historical convenience and university politics. There is little theoretical justification for the dichotomous division of our field, yet we provide evidence that communication scholars seldom cross-cite research articles between the two subdisciplines, rarely attend scientific conferences in ways that span this distinction, and often are segregated in separate university departments. The intellectual costs of this division are discussed, and possible means of furthering intellectual exchange between the two subdisciplines are discussed.