创造性产品评价中的从众效应

尽管对从众效应已经开展了广泛的研究, 但对于创造性产品的评价是否存在从众效应仍有待探讨。本实验以原创性程度不同的两类创造性产品——“创新产品”和“革新产品” ——为材料, 采用“初次评价-从众诱导-延时再评”的实验程序, 研究了人们在创造性产品的两个基本维度——新颖性和实用性——的感知和评价上是否存在从众效应。结果发现, 两类产品在两个维度的评价上都存在从众效应; 但“创新产品”在实用性维度的评价上比“革新产品”更容易从众。实验进一步比较了被试在做出两个维度的评价时其确定性程度有无差异, 发现被试在对“创新产品”进行实用性评价时所伴随的不确定感较之革新产品更强, 这提示可能是对“创新产品”进行实用性判断时所具有的更大的不确定感导致了从众程度的增加。     

肢体形状和肢体动作表征的早期发展

肢体是社会性信息的重要载体。研究肢体表征的早期发展对于揭示其肢体表征加工的内在机制, 进一步理解婴儿的社会性发展具有重要意义。从肢体形状和肢体动作两个方面来看, 已有研究主要考察了婴儿在处理肢体结构信息和运动信息时的表征方式, 并提出了婴儿肢体表征发展机制的两种理论。未来应进一步明确婴儿肢体表征的具体发展过程及关键期, 并通过脑成像技术探究生物运动偏好对于肢体表征的作用机制。     

真实场景搜索中的眼动返回抑制

眼动返回抑制是指眼睛返回至先前注视过的位置(客体)时眼跳潜伏期长、可能性低的一种抑制现象。近年来, 研究者对真实场景搜索中的眼动返回抑制进行了深入的研究。本文介绍了相关研究的经典实验范式、主要发现及其理论解释, 探讨了眼动返回抑制的容量、眼动返回抑制是否具有任务特异性、场景搜索中是否存在眼动返回促进以及眼动返回抑制的神经基础等问题, 并指出未来该领域研究的方向和途径。     

团队多样性与组织支持对团队创造力的影响

采用实验法在专业异质性与群体断层两个水平上操纵团队多样性, 通过两个实验考察团队多样性与组织支持的交互作用对团队创造力的影响。研究结果表明：(1)在独创性维度上, 专业异质团队在工具支持条件下的独创性显著高于专业同质团队, 情感和物质支持条件下二者差异不显著。当团队出现群体断层时, 情感支持与工具支持具有同样的促进作用, 即在这两种组织支持下, 强断层团队的独创性显著高于弱断层团队; 物质支持条件下二者差异不显著。(2)在适宜性维度上, 组织支持的主效应显著, 两个实验一致地发现物质支持条件下的适宜性显著高于情感支持和工具支持。本研究从团队多样性与组织支持交互作用的角度考察不同复杂程度、不同组织目标的多样性团队所需要的组织支持条件, 对促进团队创造力具有一定的理论与实践价值。     

知觉负载对负性分心面孔的知觉加工和记忆的影响

本研究采用视觉搜索和意外再认记忆任务,结合事件相关电位技术,考察知觉负载对负性分心面孔的知觉加工和记忆的影响。在视觉搜索任务中,行为上恐惧分心面孔在高负载下干扰任务。ERP结果上,恐惧比中性分心面孔诱发更大的N170和N250;在低负载下恐惧比中性分心面孔诱发更大的N700,在高负载下没有差异。在意外再认记忆中,个体对低负载下的恐惧分心面孔表现出记忆。这些结果说明负性分心物在早期是自动化加工;晚期加工受知觉负载的调节,负载越低对负性分心物的过滤越少,存在对负性分心物的记忆偏向。     

The More the Merrier? Sibling Composition and Early Manifestations of Theory of Mind in Toddlers

Sibling relationships are argued to offer a rich social context for the development of young children’s theory of mind (ToM). There is evidence that the presence of siblings, particularly older siblings, may promote preschoolers’ ToM, but it has not been investigated among toddlers. This study evaluated differences in early manifestations of ToM between toddlers in different sibling compositions: 1) without a sibling, 2) with younger siblings only, and 3) with older siblings only. The sample included 227 toddlers who completed 2 tasks assessing their understanding of discrepant desires and visual perspectives. Results indicated that only children and those who had older siblings did not differ from each other on either task. However, on both tasks, toddlers with younger siblings performed significantly more poorly compared with those with older siblings. Moreover, children with younger siblings demonstrated poorer visual-perspective understanding compared with only children. It may be critical to take siblings’ birth order into account when investigating their respective effects on each other’s ToM, especially in toddlerhood.     

Internalist Foundationalism and the Problem of the Epistemic Regress*

I provide a construal of the epistemic regress problem and I take issue with the contention that a foundationalist solution is incompatible with an internalist account of warrant. I sketch a foundationalist solution to the regress problem that respects a plausible version of internalism. I end with the suggestion that the strategy that I have presented is not available only to the traditional versions of foundationalism that ascribe foundational status to experiential beliefs. It can also be used to generate a version of internalist foundationalism based on reliabilist principles.     

The safe haven of a new classicism: the quest for a new aesthetics in Hungary 1904–1912

Seen through the quest for a new metaphysics, the visual arts were interpreted in the framework of the particular sense of progress that the generation of György Lukács developed in the first decade of the twentieth century. They saw Impressionism as the veritable symptom of the deficiencies of their age and dreamed of a great, solid, lasting new Hungarian culture which would transcend the fragmentariness, sociological interests, and ethereality of Impressionism. Although exhibitions of contemporary modernist art were organized in Budapest and the Nagybánya artists’ colony was in contact with the living French art, the nascent aesthetic theory, first of all that of Lukács, based the appreciation of Post-Impressionism on ideological considerations rather than the artistic particularities of the artists. Central to this aesthetic was the notion of greatness and a sense of metaphysics derived from German idealist philosophy and applied to the art of Cézanne, Gauguin, and the Budapest group The Seekers (founded in 1909, renamed, in 1911, as The Eight), all of whom were appreciated for features pointing in the direction of a new Classicism.     

纬书的宇宙图式与古代的宇宙论传统

宇宙论思想是中国古代哲学中的重要内容.纬书的宇宙论以<易传>的宇宙论为基本构架,融合了道家思想,形成了自己独特的宇宙论.纬书的宇宙论是中国古代宇宙论思想发展的结果.宇宙论是道家思想的重要内容,老子首先开创了中国的宇宙论传统,<庄子>、<淮南子>等书中继承和发挥了老子的思想.新出土的<太一生水>、<恒先>都属于道家系统.纬书的宇宙论正是在这些思想的基础上形成的.     

荀子荣辱思想探析

荣辱思想是荀子思想的重要组成部分.在中国伦理思想史上,荀子继承和发展了孔孟的知耻思想,第一次对荣辱问题进行了全面系统的论述.他界定了荣辱的内涵,区分了荣辱的层次,明确了荣辱的实质,探讨了荣辱的价值,并进一步探索了荣辱的养成.研究苟子的荣辱思想,对于我们进一步继承和弘扬中国传统文化中关于荣辱思想的精华、进一步学习和践行社会主义荣辱现有着重要的理论意义和现实价值.