Reaction time and probability on isolated terms

The reaction-time probability effect on isolated trials was found to be asymmetrical in an experiment on 64 college students. There was a large drop in RT for a high-probability probe trial embedded in a block of low-probability trials, but a much smaller rise for a low-probability trial embedded in high-probability trials. Thus, low- but not high-probability responses seem to be influenced by characteristics of the trial block. If the basis of the probability effect were the strategic placement of the criterion for response initiation, symmetrical results should have been obtained. A motivational account which accords with the present data is that the subject is ordinarily willing to prepare but is averse to doing so in some (not entirely specified) low-probability circumstances.     

A procedure for studying echoic control in verbal behavior

Male and female college students answered standard questions about the women's liberation movement on three occasions. A set of target words was embedded in the questions, with one set used in Sessions 1 and 3, and a synonymous, but different set used in Session 2. The relative frequencies of usage of a given target word were directly related to whether the questions for that session contained the word. The results supported the hypothesis of echoics as proposed in Skinner's theory of verbal behavior.     

Beyond the relational principle of reinforcement

Behavior under baseline conditions in which the contingency is absent can shed some light on the individual's performance under a schedule, but is insufficient as a basis for prediction of performance. This insufficiency of the baseline data runs counter to a recent formalization of the relational principle of reinforcement (Donahoe, 1977). A more satisfactory predictive model must incorporate not only the baseline level of the instrumental response and that of the contingent response, but also the schedule requirements, the character of each response in relation to the other, and the behavior required in simply switching from each to the other.     

法兰克福哲学-社会学学派基本思想的历史发展

在六十年代,资本主义用以攻击马克思列宁主义的新手法,特别清楚地表现在所谓“新左派”运动这种独特的左倾机会主义思想体系中。这种运动在1968年法国五一六月事件中表现得最为明显。在此之前不久,它也表现在六十年代左翼学生运动中,这个运动开始于美国、后来波及西欧许多资本主义国家,还传播到日本。对六十年代思想斗争所作的分析令人信服地证明,这种左倾机会主义的主要思想根源之一,就是所