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971.
972.
Do young infants treat speech as a special signal, compared with structurally similar non‐speech sounds? We presented 2‐ to 7‐month‐old infants with nonsense speech sounds and complex non‐speech analogues. The non‐speech analogues retain many of the spectral and temporal properties of the speech signal, including the pitch contour information which is known to be salient to young listeners, and thus provide a stringent test for a potential listening bias for speech. Our results show that infants as young as 2 months of age listened longer to speech sounds. This listening selectivity indicates that early‐functioning biases direct infants’ attention to speech, granting speech a special status in relation to other sounds. 相似文献
973.
Neurophysiological experiments with monkeys have demonstrated that working memory (WM) is associated with persistent neural
activity in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the parietal cortex, and posterior unimodal association
areas. WM maintenance is believed to require the coordination of these brain regions, which do not function in isolation but,
rather, interact to maintain visual percepts that are no longer present in the environment. However, single-unit physiology
studies and traditional univariate analyses of functional brain imaging data cannot evaluate interactions between distant
brain regions, and so evidence of regional integration during WM maintenance is largely indirect. In this study, we utilized
a recently developed multivariate analysis method that allows us to explore functional connectivity between brain regions
during the distinct stages of a delayed face recognition task. To characterize the neural network mediating the on-line maintenance
of faces, the fusiform face area (FFA) was defined as a seed and was then used to generate whole-brain correlation maps. A
random effects analysis of the correlation data revealed a network of brain regions exhibiting significant correlations with
the FFA seed during the WM delay period. This maintenance network included the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC, the premotor
cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and occipitotemporal regions. These
findings support the notion that the coordinated functional interaction between nodes of a widely distributed network underlies
the active maintenance of a perceptual representation. 相似文献
974.
Soto-Faraco S Spence C Kingstone A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(2):208-217
Behavioral studies of multisensory integration in motion perception have focused on the particular case of visual and auditory
signals. Here, we addressed a new case: audition and touch. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of an apparent motion stream
presented in an irrelevant modality (audition or touch) on the perception of apparent motion streams in the other modality
(touch or audition, respectively). We found significant congruency effects (lower performance when the direction of motion
in the irrelevant modality was incongruent with the direction of the target) for the two possible modality combinations. This
congruency effect was asymmetrical, with tactile motion distractors having a stronger influence on auditory motion perception
than vice versa. In Experiment 2, we used auditory motion targets and tactile motion distractors while participants adopted
one of two possible postures: arms uncrossed or arms crossed. The effects of tactile motion on auditory motion judgments were
replicated in the arms-uncrossed posture, but they dissipated in the arms-crossed posture. The implications of these results
are discussed in light of current findings regarding the representation of tactile and auditory space. 相似文献
975.
Jefferies E Jones R Bateman D Ralph MA 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(1):20-42
Patients with semantic dementia can show superior immediate recall of words that they still understand relatively well, as compared with more semantically degraded words, suggesting that conceptual knowledge makes a major contribution to phonological short-term memory. However, a number of studies have failed to show such a recall difference, challenging this view. We examined the effect of several methodological factors on the recall of known and degraded words in 4 patients with semantic dementia, in order to investigate possible reasons for this discrepancy. In general, our patients did exhibit poorer recall of the degraded words and made more phonological errors on these items. In addition, set size affected the magnitude of the recall advantage for known words. This finding suggests that semantic degradation influenced the rate of learning in the immediate recall task when the same items were presented repeatedly. The methods used to select known and degraded items also impacted on the recall difference. List length, however, did not affect the advantage for known words. The coherence of items in phonological short-term memory was affected by their semantic status, but not by the length of the material to be retained. The implications of these findings for the role of semantic and phonological representations in verbal short-term memory are discussed. 相似文献
976.
Yago E Duarte A Wong T Barceló F Knight RT 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(4):609-617
Single-unit, event-related potential (ERP), and neuroimaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in top-down
control of attention and working memory. We conducted an experiment in patients with unilateral PFC damage (n=8) to assess the temporal kinetics of PFC-extrastriate interactions during visual attention. Subjects alternated attention
between the left and the right hemifields in successive runs while they detected target stimuli embedded in streams of repetitive
task-irrelevant stimuli (standards). The design enabled us to examine tonic (spatial selection) and phasic (feature selection)
PFC-extrastriate interactions. PFC damage impaired performance in the visual field contralateral to lesions, as manifested
by both larger reaction times and error rates. Assessment of the extrastriate P1 ERP revealed that the PFC exerts a tonic
(spatial selection) excitatory input to the ipsilateral extrastriate cortex as early as 100 msec post stimulus delivery. The
PFC exerts a second phasic (feature selection) excitatory extrastriate modulation from 180 to 300 msec, as evidenced by reductions
in selection negativity after damage. Finally, reductions of the N2 ERP to target stimuli supports the notion that the PFC
exerts a third phasic (target selection) signal necessary for successful template matching during postselection analysis of
target features. The results provide electrophysiological evidence of three distinct tonic and phasic PFC inputs to the extrastriate
cortex in the initial few hundred milliseconds of stimulus processing. Damage to this network appears to underlie the pervasive
deficits in attention observed in patients with prefrontal lesions. 相似文献
977.
978.
Three experiments were conducted examining unimodal and crossmodal effects of attention to motion. Horizontally moving sounds
and dot patterns were presented and participants’ task was to discriminate their motion speed or whether they were presented
with a brief gap. In Experiments 1 and 2, stimuli of one modality and of one direction were presented with a higher probability
( p = .7) than other stimuli. Sounds and dot patterns moving in the expected direction were discriminated faster than stimuli
moving in the unexpected direction. In Experiment 3, participants had to respond only to stimuli moving in one direction within
the primary modality, but to all stimuli regardless of their direction within the rarer secondary modality. Stimuli of the
secondary modality moving in the attended direction were discriminated faster than were oppositely moving stimuli. Results
suggest that attending to the direction of motion affects perception within vision and audition, but also across modalities. 相似文献
979.
980.
Bandura A 《Behaviour research and therapy》2004,42(6):613-630
This article traces the transformative paradigm shift in the theory and practice of personal change. Within a decade, new conceptual models, analytic methodologies and modes of treatment were created. Treatments were altered in the content, locus, and agents of change. This enterprising period also witnessed a sweeping shift in the public acceptance of behaviorally oriented treatments. The present article also analyzes the evolving theorizing and applications of social cognitive theory rooted in modeling, self-regulatory, and self-efficacy mechanisms of psychosocial change. This model of change is implemented from an agentic perspective to promote personal, institutional, and society-wide changes that address some of the most urgent global problems. 相似文献