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981.
J C Bartlett M A Gernsbacher R E Till 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1987,13(1):27-35
In a study of recognition memory for pictures, we observed an asymmetry in classifying test items as "same" versus "different" in left-right orientation: Identical copies of previously viewed items were classified more accurately than left-right reversals of those items. Response bias could not explain this asymmetry, and, moreover, correct "same" and "different" classifications were independently manipulable: Whereas repetition of input pictures (one vs. two presentations) affected primarily correct "same" classifications, retention interval (3 hr vs. 1 week) affected primarily correct "different" classifications. In addition, repetition but not retention interval affected judgments that previously seen pictures (both identical and reversed) were "old". These and additional findings supported a dual-process hypothesis that links "same" classifications to high familiarity, and "different" classifications to conscious sampling of images of previously viewed pictures. 相似文献
982.
In times of stress, men and women sometimes turn to the use of alcohol and drugs as an avenue for relieving their discomfort and distress. One explanation of this finding implicates traditional male tendencies as predisposing factors. The purpose of the present investigation was to study how the relationship between stress and substance use is moderated (1) by the masculine role, as measured by the Masculine Role Inventory; and (2) by socially desirable and undesirable masculine-instrumental and feminine-expressive personality attributes, as measured by the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The results indicated that during stressful episodes men characterized by socially undesirable instrumental personality attributes reported using tranquilizers and sedatives. By contrast, it was found that during stressful times, women characterized by success preoccupation reported less use of mind-altering drugs and more use of tranquilizers-sedatives. In addition, it was found that socially desirable expressive attributes served to buffer the impact of stressful experiences on women's use of alcohol.A preliminary report of these data were presented at the 1985 annual meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Austin, Texas. Gratitude is extended to Toni Falbo for her assistance with this research. 相似文献
983.
One theory of love (J. A. Lee, The Colors of Love: An Exploration of the Ways of Loving, Don Mills, Ontario: New Press, 1973) assumes at least six different attitudinal orientations toward love. Based on Lee's approach, recent research (e.g., C. Hendrick & S. Hendrick, “A Theory and Method of Love,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, 50, pp. 392–402) has found consistent sex differences in love attitudes. Other research has found comparable sex differences in sexual permissiveness and other sexual attitudes. The present study explored the possibility that gender role orientation might be related to differences in love and sexual attitudes. A sample of 286 college students completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Love Attitudes Scale, Sexual Attitudes Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Correlational analyses revealed many significant associations among love and sexual attitudes, self-esteem, and masculinity and femininity. Subjects were also classified according to gender role as androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated, according to BSRI scores. Analyses of variance showed effects for both sex of subjects and gender role orientation on several of the dependent measures. The pattern of the results suggested that sex-stereotyped couples may have difficulties in romantic relationships because of the discrepancies in their love and sexual attitudes. An argument was made in support of the recent trend toward a multidimensional concept of gender role orientation. 相似文献
984.
985.
The impact of pre-employment integrity testing on employee turnover and inventory shrinkage losses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thomas S. Brown Dr. John W. Jones William Terris Brian D. Steffy 《Journal of business and psychology》1987,2(2):136-149
A major home improvement chain located primarily in the western United States initiated the use of thePersonnel Selection Inventory, a written integrity test, as part of its pre-employment hiring process. For two years only, those job applicants who passed this test and other pre-employment criteria were hired by the chain. Following the introduction of the inventory, there was: (1) a 50% reduction in the number of employee terminations for theft, illegal drug use, and violence over a five year period and (2) a savings in shrinkage losses that amounted to over two million dollars over a two year period. 相似文献
986.
Clinical staff’s attributions about diabetes management were measured using newly developed scales. Eighty-five physicians
and nurses provided data to investigate the psychometric properties of the scales and to examine the patterns of attributions
made. Alpha coefficients for the 7 six-item scales were satisfactory, ranging from .51 to .73. A comparison between attributions
for positive and negative outcomes of diabetes management produced examples of self-serving bias. Comparisons were made with
data from 286 insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Staff tended to rate patients as having less personal control over positive
outcomes (t=2.94;df=338;p<.01) and tended to emphasize chance to a greater extent than did the patients (t=−4.32;df=338;p<.001). There was a tendency for staff to rate negative outcomes as being more foreseeable by the patients than the patients
did themselves (t=−3.11;df=346;p<.01). Both patients and staff demonstrated bias towards dispositional attributions. The implications of between and within
group differences in attribution patterns are discussed.
The research presented here was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A. (No. AM28196) and
from the British Diabetic Association to Dr. C. Bradley. 相似文献
987.
Sixteen student volunteers were administered a placebo and 50 mg. of chlorpromazine in tablet form, on separate occasions,
two hours before testing. The three tests measured dichotic listening performance, lateral eye movements while answering questions
about spatial location and verbal meaning, and lateralized facial expression while relating pleasant and unpleasant life incidents.
Results showed that chlorpromazine increased the number of trials showing an ear advantage in dichotic listening. Chlorpromazine
reduced lateral and increased vertical eye movements in response to the questions about spatial location and verbal meaning.
Under the placebo both negative and positive emotions were expressed more in the left face. Although chlorpromazine did not
affect this lateralization of negative emotions, the expression of positive emotions occurred equally often on the two sides
of the face under chlorpromazine. Results may be related to an effect of chlorpromazine on the asymmetrical dopamine pathways
of the brain. It is suggested that the findings may be related to a left hemisphere deficit in schizophrenia. 相似文献
988.
R. M. Foxx Martin J. McMorrow Michele Hernandez Martha Kyle Ron G. Bittle 《Behavioral Interventions》1987,2(2):77-88
A social skills training program was evaluated with emotionally disturbed adolescent inpatients. The targeted social skills required an action or reaction within six skill areas. The program was adapted from a commercially available social skills training game that features the use of response specific feedback, self-monitoring, individualized reinforcers, and individualized performance criteria. A peer conducted the baseline and posttraining sessions while the training was conducted by an adult who had no previous interactive history with the subjects. A multiple baseline design across groups demonstrated that the program increased appropriate responding in all skill areas and that these effects generalized during the posttraining peer conducted sessions. A generalization test indicated that the subjects used their newly learned skills with a novel adult outside the training setting. The program appears quite applicable to emotionally disturbed adolescents since it targets skills in a variety of areas and employs standardized procedures to enhance replicability. 相似文献
989.
990.
The present study examined observers’ ability to discriminate canonical and dynamically anomalous collisions that were presented in either frictionless or frictional systems. Whereas previous research has provided qualitative demonstrations that dynamic information can be extracted from visual events, the current study provides a parametric assessment of observers’ sensitivity to dynamic invariants. Our findings indicate that observers are competent when viewing both familiar, terrestrial (frictional) systems and unfamiliar but computationally simpler, 0-G (frictionless) systems. Thus, our sensitivity to these dynamic invariants in visual events is robust in natural systems whose dynamic properties differ from those of the environment in which we evolved and developed. 相似文献