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971.
This study investigated young adults' contraceptive behaviors and attitudes through application of a comprehensive, theoretical framework. Specifically, a social-psychological approach to understanding preventive behaviors (e.g., contraceptive practices), was developed, incorporating the Health Belief Model and other factors, which offered a means for evaluating the extent to which contraceptive behaviors were influenced by individual and group characteristics. The study group consisted of 283 unmarried students at several schools who were, on average, 19 years of age. Results suggested that effective contraceptive behavior associated most strongly with respondents' perceiving relatively few barriers to their use of contraception, their maintenance of extensive interpersonal skills, and their regarding peer norms as consistent with effective contraceptive behavior. Findings also underlined a need for continuing education about sexuality and contraception. Dangerous misinformation prevailed regarding respondents' knowledge of areas that include anatomy, physiology, and appropriate use of effective contraceptive methods. Finally, results implied a need to consider broad behavioral, social, and interpersonal issues as they relate to young adults' effective contraceptive behavior. Future studies of contraceptive risk taking are encouraged to examine both individual and social factors affecting sexual and contraceptive practices if unplanned pregnancy is to be minimized, if not eliminated. 相似文献
972.
Keeping juvenile delinquents in school: a prediction model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this study was to test an empirically based prediction model of school dropout on a sample of 137 juvenile delinquents, some who have dropped out and some who have remained in school. The specific factors among the many found in previous research that are salient for predicting whether delinquent youths will drop out or remain in school were determined. An important finding of this study is that it required only four factors to yield a high level of prediction: misbehavior in school, disliking school, the negative influence of peers with respect to dropping out and getting into trouble, and a marginal or weak relationship with parents. The four factors identified create a model that is directly applicable to prevention strategies and is extremely parsimonious. 相似文献
973.
The Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) was examined for reliability and validity among early/middle adolescent subjects. The EOM-EIS represents a combination of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and a structured interview of identity status. The instrument was designed to measure ego identity with regard to occupational, religious, political, philosophical, and social contexts along ideological and interpersonal dimensions. A total of 467 students aged 12 to 18 (median = 15.73) responded to the instrument. In general the results from the analyses of reliability, validity, demographic characteristics, and psychosocial maturity yielded results which parallel the theoretical framework and the results from college-aged subjects. 相似文献
974.
R K Mills 《Adolescence》1987,22(87):641-646
This article explores the use of fiction in the classroom as a tool for enhancing the self-understanding of adolescents. Specifically, two novels by S.E. Hinton are used as examples. Theoretical consideration as well as practical classroom activities are discussed. 相似文献
975.
R Teeter 《Adolescence》1987,22(86):253-257
The prominence of sport in the American secondary school curriculum owes much to 19th-century child development theories, the most prominent of which (Von Baer's Law) originated in embryology, the forerunner of modern psychology. Von Baer's Law held that embryonic development formed a condensed record of human development, that the embryo in the womb represented in miniature the overall organic evolution of man. The "law" held that youth passed through the same developmental gradations ontogenetically that the human race passed through phylogenetically; that youth repeated in their development approximately the development, from barbarity to civilization, of the human race. Indeed, they stood at a primitive developmental level and simply passed through a stage the human race had passed through thousands of years earlier. Von Baer's Law became a scientific rationale for sport in American schools, most particularly, football, which was believed to be spirited enough to "satisfy the racial claim" and mitigate against antisocial aggressiveness. 相似文献
976.
Psychobiological Factors Predicting the Course of Breast Cancer 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mogens R. Jensen 《Journal of personality》1987,55(2):317-342
Drawing on a carefully controlled sample of 52 women with a history of breast carcinoma and 34 healthy controls, this prospective study examined empirical associations between psychological factors and the progression of neoplastic disorders over a follow-up period averaging 624 days. Psychological variables were psychometrically assessed by self-report measures. A multiple regression analysis which controlled for disease stage at original diagnosis, age, total length of disease course, hematological factors, and blood chemistries measured at study onset showed neoplastic spread to be associated with a repressive personality style, reduced expression of negative affect, helplessness-hopelessness, chronic stress, and comforting daydreaming. The identified model of medical and psychological variables accounted for 56% of the observed variance. A psychobiological model of brain-body disregulation provided the best account of the observed associations between psychological functioning and the progression of disease. Future research is necessary to examine the role which psychological functioning may exert upon health-relevant behaviors that might blunt the benefits of professional health care. 相似文献
977.
Using a backward-masking paradigm with a bias-free and ceiling-free psychophysical task, we tested hypnotized and control subjects for speed of visual information processing. Approximately half of each group received visual imagery suggestions in an attempt to influence attention. Imagery produced no significant differential effect. Although an absence of a hypnotizability-performance relationship was in keeping with findings of a previous study, those subjects in the present study who performed under hypnosis were, as a group, significantly superior to the other subjects in speed of information processing. 相似文献
978.
Dittmar, Warm, and Dember (1985) suggested that visual parallax may lead to declines in perceptual sensitivity over time in spatial vigilance tasks involving comparative judgments. The present study tested this possibility by restraining subjects' head movements during a 1-hr vigil in which comparative (simultaneous task) or absolute (successive task) judgments of line length were necessary for signal detection. Under free-viewing conditions, perceptual sensitivity declined over time with both types of tasks. Head restraint eliminated the sensitivity decrement in both cases. The results highlight signal quality as a crucial determinant of perceptual decrements in sustained attention. 相似文献
979.
S Gutstein 《Family process》1987,26(4):475-491
Concern for adolescents who act in dangerous, life-threatening ways has heightened dramatically in recent years. Many of these adolescents appear to come from nuclear families isolated from their kinship systems. Without the mediating effects of kin, the adolescent transition can become a major crisis. Kinship systems remain cohesive when members can reconcile their beliefs about essential aspects of family functioning with the demands for adaptation during major life transitions. Reconciliation is lost when members believe that kin can no longer be trusted to insure their well-being. Kinship fragmentation ensues as family members leave the field or are excluded. Isolated nuclear families then rapidly lose the resilience to respond to life transitions without resorting to extreme, maladaptive solutions. The Systemic Crisis Intervention Program (SCIP) uses the opportunity of the crisis precipitated by the adolescent's life-threatening behavior to alter family myths that have led to network fragmentation. Crisis teams mobilize and meet with kin in four-hour gatherings to foster reconciliation and kinship system reintegration. 相似文献
980.
Chronic Illness and the Life Cycle:A Conceptual Framework 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article provides a conceptual framework for thinking about the system created at the interface of chronic illness with the family life cycle. First, a psychosocial typology and time phases of illness schema is described as a necessary, preliminary step to create a common language that bridges the worlds of illness, individual, and family development. This schema organizes similarities and differences between diseases in a manner useful to psychosocial-developmental rather than biomedical inquiry. Then, drawing on several major life-cycle theories in the literature, key concepts (periods of transition, life-structure building and maintaining, centripetality, and centrifugality) are used in a complementary fashion to link these three lines of development. Equipped with these psychosocial languages, consideration is given to transgenerational aspects of illness, loss, and crisis, and the interwoven threads of illness, family, and individual development. Clinical vignettes are provided to highlight this conceptual framework. 相似文献