Aging and the use of advance probability information

Two experiments were performed to investigate the relation between age and use of advance probability information to prepare for a simple response. In both, an occasional presignal occurring about.5 sec before a possible response signal informed the subject that the probability of a response signal had increased from.1 to.5 In experiment 1, 24 women and men selected for short RT were tested, all between 21 and 78 yr of age. Subjects under 50 were able to use the advance information to shorten their RTs as were the majority of older subjects. However, for some older subjects the presignal produced a negative effect, a paradoxical lengthening of RT. In Experiment 2, using five of the older subjects from Experiment 1, more intensive testing was done with closer spacing of trials. Subjects who previously showed a lengthening of RT with the presignal now showed the typical shortening. In summary, over the age span investigated, almost all selected older subjects as well as younger subjects.     

卡尔·鲍波尔—垄断国家改良主义哲学家

在本章的标题中,我之所以这样称呼鲍波尔,是因为他的哲学主要是为德意志联邦共和国垄断国家改良主义提供理论依据效劳的。不过,我要避免使人产生这样一种印象,好象鲍波尔的哲学并没有被保守势力所利用似的。比如属于鲍波尔“批判理性主义”圈子里的托皮奇(Topitsch),就是一位露骨的保守人物。鲍波尔的哲学成了资产阶级“社会工艺学”,(Sozialtechnologie)一切变种的总根子。     

Motor performance and concurrent cognitive tasks

Twenty students tapped between two targets while concurrently performing either a verbal or a visuospatial cognitive task. Speed of tapping and consistency revealed right- and left-hand disruption during solving either the con-current verbal or visuospatial task respectively. Accuracy of performance in terms of hitting the targets was not selectively disrupted by the cognitive activity. The results are discussed in terms of an attentional model of lateralization of cerebral function.     

Sex-role-related differences in self-concept and mental health

Examined the differences in serf-concept and psychological health between androgynous, sex-typed, cross-sex-typed, and undifferentiated males and females. Two hundred forty-nine students who were enrolled in introductory psychology classes were classified according to sex type on the basis of their scores on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Nine aspects of self-concept and five aspects of psychological health, obtained, from the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, were analyzed as a function of Sex and Sex Type. A series of analyses of variance and subsequent individual comparisons across groups revealed a clear pattern wherein androgynous subjects manifested more positive self-concepts and more positive psychological health than sex-typed subjects. Undifferentiated subjects manifested the poorest self-concepts, while results for sex-typed and cross-sex-typed subjects varied more as a function of the sex of the subject. The data are discussed as appearing to be consistent with Bem's hypothesis that androgynous people may represent a more appropriate societal definition of mental health than strongly sex-typed people. Qualifications of this support are also discussed.     

《哥达纲领批判》对发展共产主义社会理论的意义

在科学共产主义发展史上,《哥达纲领批判》是《共产党宣言》和《资本论》之后最重要的里程碑。马克思和恩格斯通过预言共产主义社会形态的形成、本质和两个发展阶段,丰富了马克思主义。对于理解社会主义和共产主义的辩证法来说,《哥达纲领批判》是科学共产主义创始人最重要的著作。借助于历史唯物主义的一般社会理论和方法,尤其是关于社会经济形态的学说,马克思和恩格斯在科学共产主义形成时期就已经指出,从工人阶级的阶级斗争和解     

IQ的生物学基础

智力研究的名声,已经被骗子的欺骗行径所败坏,为种族主义所沾污,就象炼丹术士的罐子一样黑。最近的争论集中在:智力是不是天生的?种族之间有没有区别?智力测验能否真正测量智力,或者只是表征一个人接受特定的文化的程度?目前有两个英国     

Attribution of control and teenage pregnancy

In rural Appalachia in Tennessee, data on 13 female adolescents who had experienced a pregnancy (mean age=16 years, 7 months) were compared with those on 38 female adolescents who had not experienced a pregnancy (mean age-16 years, 4 months) to test the hypothesis that teenagers who experience a pregnancy have external attributions of control over their life events. The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children was administered to determine their beliefs about causes of events in their lives. All the girls were white and matched for socioeconomic status, housing, and cultural background. The mean attribution of control to external agents score stood at 14.5 for girls who had experienced a pregnancy compared with 12.7 for those who had not experienced a pregnancy, but the difference was not significant (p=.08).54% of the cases exhibited external attributional orientation compared with 16% of the controls (p.02). This finding concurred with that of earlier studies. The fact that not all the girls who had experienced a pregnancy had external attributional orientation suggested that it is not the only factor linked to adolescent pregnancy. Studies have not identified whether external attributional orientation is a causal factor or consequence of adolescent pregnancy. A 1980 study found that women who had shown more external locus of control scores during pregnancy and tended to castigate themselves had a high probability of postpartum depression. Another study indicated that rises in depression among adolescents were linked to prechange orientations toward external attributions of control. Practitioners should selectively pay attention to teenagers who have extreme attributional orientations since many teenagers carry their pregnancies to term and choose to rear their infants. These orientations appear to pose risks for the adolescent mother and her children.     

学习低能学生的教育干预与教学方法

对学习低能学生教育干预的目标是缩小他们能力与成绩之间的差距。过去和现在的绝大多数教育计划都是在不断探寻这一目标,为阅读、算术和语言艺术等基本技能提供矫治教学措施。学习低能学生的教师发现讲授基本技能是特殊教育教师最为重要的专业能力之一。另外,有些教师还提出,学习中最为重要的事情是发展基本技能教学。阅读和数学教学固然应分配最好的教学时间,但是,语言艺术也是课程中的一重要部分。“学习低能者全国