外向性格、场独立性及认知作业的操作

 取120名12岁儿童作被试.(a)调查外向性格、神经过敏症及场独立性之间的关系.(b)调查外向性格和场依存性对两个认知作业(推理和回忆散文)的影响.(c)研究人格特点和言语——表象学习方式之间的关系.     

Reaction time and probability on isolated terms

The reaction-time probability effect on isolated trials was found to be asymmetrical in an experiment on 64 college students. There was a large drop in RT for a high-probability probe trial embedded in a block of low-probability trials, but a much smaller rise for a low-probability trial embedded in high-probability trials. Thus, low- but not high-probability responses seem to be influenced by characteristics of the trial block. If the basis of the probability effect were the strategic placement of the criterion for response initiation, symmetrical results should have been obtained. A motivational account which accords with the present data is that the subject is ordinarily willing to prepare but is averse to doing so in some (not entirely specified) low-probability circumstances.     

A procedure for studying echoic control in verbal behavior

Male and female college students answered standard questions about the women's liberation movement on three occasions. A set of target words was embedded in the questions, with one set used in Sessions 1 and 3, and a synonymous, but different set used in Session 2. The relative frequencies of usage of a given target word were directly related to whether the questions for that session contained the word. The results supported the hypothesis of echoics as proposed in Skinner's theory of verbal behavior.     

自由与异化

1.黑格尔说:“只有当没有外在于我与我不相干的他物时,方能说是自由。”从表面看,这句话没有什么意义。我们怎样理解“没有外在于我与我不相干的他物”这句话的意思呢?黑格尔好象是说,只有当我们认为我们自己同我们的周围事物没有不同,也就是当自我与他人的差异被克服的时候,那才算实现了自由。但是只要我们有所行动,任何时候只要我们企图进行改变周围事物的活动,就会感到这种差异的存在。我的行动包含了把我自己同我行动所及的周围事物分离开来的过程。因此,从字面上讲,黑格尔的上述名言只能施用于那些无所行动的人,但是自由的概念与这样的人却是毫不相干的。不过我愿指出,黑格尔的名言含有关于自由的重要真理。他的主张是:我之所以能够自由的一个必要条件,就是我必须同我生活于其中的周围事物保持某种协调一致的关系——什么样的协调一致,下面再讲。在黑格尔看来,这个世界既包括我的物质环境,也包括我的社     

苏联近三十年来社会学研究概况

马克思主义社会学发展新阶段(指五十年代末开始的这一时期。——译者注)的特征是:创造性地研究问题,提出许多新的课题和问题并把这些问题与现实生活密切联系起来。社会学越来越显示出它是与共产主义建设任务直接相联系的。研究社会学课题的理论水平得到了极大的提高。哲学干部的数量和质量也都有了提高。在过去年代里从事社会学科研工作的干部,从