存在主义、实在论的经验主义和唯物主义

作者(R.W.Sellars,1880年一)是批判实在论代表之一,美国密支根大学教授,《哲学与现象学研究》杂志的编委,著有《批判实在论》、《进化的自然主义》等书。本文原载《哲学与现象学研究》1965年3月号,译时作了删节。作者说他主张“进化的唯物主义”,“拥护渐进论”,“同萨特尔的存在主义有许多共同点”。作者认为,英美经验论、辩证唯物主义和存在主义是现代哲学斗争中的三个主要竞争者。他反对各派哲学之间的斗争,要人们放弃对自己哲学的信仰,彼此“相互滋养”,并且要减少“哲学上的文化隔阂”,创立和追求一种既不属于这三派哲学但又把它们的特点融合起来的哲学。在谈到辩证唯物主义时,他对现代修正主义者歪曲利用马克思早期著作颇感兴趣。他一方面诽谤和歪曲辩证唯物主义是“科学唯物主义同黑格尔辩证法的混合”,是按照黑格尔的正一反一合思考问题,并且“难以适应自然科学的发展”;另方面企图模糊、取消辩证法同庸俗进化论的界线,辩证唯物主义同存在主义和新实在论的界线,寻求什么它们之间的“共同点”,甚至胡说什么“列宁寻求建立一种实在论”。作者说,存在主义在欧洲已成了流行品,它“作为第三哲学势力起作用”。他认为,存在主义的着重点就是人的状况问题。作者把萨特尔当作存在主义的代表,认为他对于研究这三派哲学“最有用”。他说萨特尔的观点是自然主义的和人道主义的。然而,他却无意中给萨特尔帮了倒忙,道破了萨特尔伪装赞成马克思主义的真面目,认为他既想避开唯物主义又想避开唯心主义,力求用妥协的办法在唯物主义与唯心主义之间走中间道路。色勒士的观点反映了在帝国主义竭力对社会主义国家实行“和平演变”、“文化渗透”时,一些资产阶级哲学家企图在哲学上使马克思主义与资产阶级反动哲学彼此调和、互相融合,并且同现代修正主义者“修正”马克思主义哲学相呼应。     

Amniocentesis in sociocultural perspective

This article reports on an anthropological investigation of the social impact and cultural meaning of amniocentesis conducted in New York City, illustrating how class differences, as well as sociocultural diversity, deeply affect pregnant women's acceptance, rejection, and interpretation of prenatal testing. The article also suggests the importance of recognizing how counselors' cultural backgrounds and styles affect patient-counselor communications.     

罗素与实用主义者

罗素与他曾遇见过的,并就哲学问题进行过交流的好几位实用主义哲学家相互影响。这些相互影响同罗素与他的朋友和合作者如摩尔、怀特海、维特根斯坦等之间的相互影响性质不同。这是一种敌对的性质。事实上罗素与唯心主义者的相互影响也是如此。不同的地方只在于罗素本人曾经历新黑格尔主义这一阶段。至于就实用主义来说,罗素自始至终把它作为对手,实用主义者的主张对他来说是不相容的。尽管罗素自己思想发展过程中在这一点上没有改变过,但是,正如我们将看到的,他思想上的变化使他比他自己承认的更接近这些实用主义的观点。1896年,罗素在他第一次访问美国时结识了詹姆斯和皮尔斯。后来罗素又从W.维尔比(Welb     

Asymmetries in the regulation of visually guided aiming

An experiment was conducted to examine the contribution of sensory information to asymmetries in manual aiming. Movements were performed in four vision conditions. In the full-vision condition (FV), subjects were afforded vision of both the hand and the target throughout the course of the movement. In the ambient-illumination-off condition (AO), the room lights were extinguished at movement initiation, preventing vision of the moving limb. In the target-off (TO) condition, the target was extinguished upon initiation of the movement. In a no-vision (NV) condition, ambient illumination was removed and the target was extinguished upon initiation of the response movement. Results indicated that accuracy was superior in the full-vision and target-off conditions and when movements were made by the right hand. Movements made by the right hand were also of shorter mean duration. The magnitudes of performance asymmetries were uninfluenced by vision condition. Analyses of movement kinematics revealed that movements made in conditions in which there was vision of the limb exhibited a greater number of discrete modifications of the movement trajectory. On an individual-trial basis, no relationship existed between accuracy and the occurrence of discrete modifications. These data suggest that although vision greatly enhances accuracy, discrete modifications subserved by vision reflect the imposition of nonfunctional zero-order control processes upon continuous higher-order control regimes.     

A Review of MMPI and Rorschach interrelationships in adult samples

The MMPI and Rorschach are consistently ranked among the most widely used psychological assessment instruments across adolescent and adult clinical settings. Although there is an extensive research literature available on each instrument individually, relatively little research attention has been focused on the interrelationships between these measures. This article reviews the literature derived from 37 studies that have reported interrelationships between MMPI and Rorschach variables in adult populations. The results of these studies generally indicate limited or minimal relationships between the MMPI and Rorschach. A number of methodological issues, however, prevent drawing firm conclusions from the literature at this time. Directions for future research are discussed, including consideration of issues related to sources of alpha and beta error and the need for studies examining the incremental validity of combinations of Rorschach and MMPI data in prediction to relevant external criteria.     

Visual information processing in hemispatial neglect

Hemispatial neglect is a complex neuropsychological disorder characterized by a severe attentional deficit that produces a lack of awareness for information appearing in contralesional hemispace. Despite this lack of phenomenal awareness, recent studies suggest that a great deal of visual information processing does occur and can influence the performance of patients in certain tasks. The current review will present this evidence and suggest a new theoretical framework that may help to direct future research into uncovering the underlying mechanism(s).