现代化与彬彬有礼的野蛮行径

“彬彬有礼的野蛮行径”这个概念,是在我们对于具体表现在2 0世纪80年代以来公共权力或者企业所推进的常规改革(学校改革、公共服务改革、企业管理改革)运动中的“现代化”话语和工具进行批判性分析之后提出的。这些现代化的话语和工具,我们觉得构成了社会学分析的一个“盲点”。“彬彬有礼的野蛮行径”这个观念,通过其表述本身强调了现象的突出的荒谬性。它描述了虽然丧失人道,却不会退回到在独裁和极权制度下可能施行的那种原始侵害和暴力的一个过程。这个丧失人性的过程,在民主社会中开展,不会导致社会和个人的明显的破坏。然而,它冲击着…     

Discrimination between hopes and expectancies for nonvolitional outcomes: psychological phenomenon or artifact?

Despite the large literature concerning the impact of hope and expectancy on various outcomes (e.g., nonvolitional), less is known about the constructs of hope and expectancy themselves. In a recent study, Montgomery et al. (2003) demonstrated that hopes and expectancies are separate but related constructs; however, because both hopes and expectancies were measured within the same context, it is possible that these findings were simply a methodological artifact. Furthermore, it is unknown whether these data would generalize to other populations. Taking into account the importance of this distinction for both the expectancy and hope literatures, the present study sought to: (1) Determine if the distinction between hope and expectancy is a general and reliable phenomenon by using a culturally different sample (i.e., Romanian sample); and (2) Examine the robustness of this distinction by controlling for the context effect. One hundred-twenty five volunteers completed items in regard to 10 nonvolitional outcome scenarios in one of five measurement contexts. The results revealed that hope and expectancy were distinct constructs (p<0.0001), and that this distinction is both general and robust across contexts. Implications for theory and research are discussed.     

"瑪尼":藏族民间石刻文化

"玛尼"石刻,是广泛流布于藏族民间文化中的一种群众喜闻乐见的宗教石刻艺术,也是藏族民间美术众多形式中具有独特表现手段和最有代表性的雕刻艺术形式之一.藏族"玛尼"石刻泛指雕刻在石块上的佛语、造像和图符,是极具本土地域风格特色和民族民间风采神韵的藏族石刻文化的特殊形式.它有着古老而悠久的发展历史,在藏传佛教美术和民间民俗美术中具有十分重要的教化功能、审美意义和神圣而独特的宗教文化地位.     

罗蒂来访——哈贝马斯和利奥塔论后现代性

在《知识与人类旨趣》(Knowledge and Human Interests)中,哈贝马斯试图把马克思和弗洛伊德已经完成了的理论普遍化——通过把他们的“揭露”(unmasking)方案置于一种更为全面的理论中。近些年来,哈贝马斯经常批评的一种当代法国思想,却是从怀疑马克思和弗洛伊德、怀疑怀疑者、怀疑“揭露”开始的。例如,利奥塔(Lyotard)说,他将     

德性与知识——如何开展孔子启迪的哲学与西方哲学之间的对话

本文从当代科学发展与道德衰落相伴而生的现象入手,阐释了中西哲学的异同以及对相关问题的解决路径,指出中西哲学的经典范式是相通的。一方面,孔子的言论是由其弟子记录的,而苏格拉底的对话也是由其最杰出的学生柏拉图记录的;另一方面,关于德性、学问以及知识获取方式问题,孔子启迪下的中国哲学和西方哲学采取了相通的处理方式,是双方的共同遗产。作者区分了两种类型的知识,一是德性的知识,即将德性作为其本质内容的知识;二是作为德性本身本质部分的知识。孔子的知识属于后一种类型,因而他拥有和柏拉图相同的德性概念。     

Wanting a body that's better than average: the effect of manipulated body norms on ideal body size perception

We examined the effect of body norms on ideal and current body size perception. In Study One, female participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) a thinner body norm, (2) a heavier body norm, or (3) no body norm. Body norms were manipulated by indicating a bogus "population average," and current and ideal body size perception were subsequently measured using a body silhouettes measure. Women had a thinner ideal body size in the thinner norm condition than in the heavier norm condition. Study Two replicated these results, but in a sample of young men and with regards to muscularity rather than thinness. Men had a more muscular ideal body size in the more muscular norm condition than in the less muscular norm condition. Current body size perception was also influenced by body norms, but only for women and after controlling for BMI.     

Sensitivity to probabilistic orthographic cues to lexical stress in adolescent speakers with autism spectrum disorder and typical peers

Lexical stress refers to the opposition of strong and weak syllables within polysyllabic words and is a core feature of the English prosodic system. There are probabilistic cues to lexical stress present in English orthography. For example, most disyllabic English words ending with the letters "-ure" have first-syllable stress (e.g., "pasture", but note words such as "endure"), whereas most ending with "-ose" have second-syllable stress (e.g., "propose", but note examples such as "glucose"). Adult native speakers of English are sensitive to these probabilities during silent reading. During testing, they tend to assign first-syllable stress when reading a nonword such as "lenture" but second-syllable stress when reading "fostpose" (Arciuli & Cupples, 2006 ). Difficulties with prosody, including problems processing lexical stress, are a notable feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study investigated the ability of adolescents with ASD (13-17 years of age) to show this sensitivity compared with a group of typically developing peers. Results indicated reduced sensitivity to probabilistic cues to lexical stress in the group with ASD. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young chinese citizens: the moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of weibo

In 2011, China's Internet population reached over half a billion users and the popular Twitter-like social networking service, Weibo, has been adopted by half of the users since its launch in August 2009. Given the potential of the Internet to facilitate a civic culture in the authoritarian state, the use of Weibo and its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors are of important concern. A survey of 499 Weibo users found that intensity of use was related to increased willingness to express opinions about government and politics, the perception that one has the ability to participate in politics, and feelings that the government is not responsive to the demands of citizens. Moreover, the above relationships were moderated by the motivations of Weibo use, such that information motives strengthened the relationships while entertainment motives weakened the relationships.     

Time-course of hemispheric preference for processing contralateral relevant shapes: P1pc, N1pc, N2pc, N3pc

A most sensitive and specific electrophysiological indicator of selective processing of visual stimuli is the N2pc component. N2pc is a negative EEG potential peaking 250 ms after stimulus onset, recorded from posterior sites contralateral to relevant stimuli. Additional deflections preceding or following N2pc have been obtained in previous studies, possibly produced by specific stimulus features or specific prime-target sequences. To clarify the entire time-course of the contralateral- ipsilateral (C-I) difference recorded from the scalp above visual cortex in response to left-right pairs of targets and distracters, C-I differences were here compared between two types of stimuli and between stimuli that were or were not preceded by masked neutral primes. The C-I difference waveform consisted of several peaks, termed here P1pc (60-100 ms after target onset), N1pc (120-160 ms), N2pc (220-280 ms), and N3pc (360-400 ms). Being markedly enhanced when stimuli were preceded by the neutral primes, P1pc may indicate a response to stimulus change. Also, when stimuli were primed, N2pc reached its peak earlier, thereby tending to merge with N1pc. N3pc seemed to increase when target discrimination was difficult. N1pc, N2pc, and N3pc appear as three periods of one process. N3pc probably corresponds to L400 or SPCN as described in other studies. These observations suggest that the neurophysiological basis of stimulus-driven focusing of attention on target stimuli is a process that lasts for hundreds of milliseconds, with the relevant hemisphere being activated in an oscillating manner as long as required by the task.