Effects of concurrent schedules on human fixed-interval performance

Young adults performed a lever-pressing task for money on two schedules of reinforcement: concurrent fixed-interval 1 min—differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 20-sec, and concurrent fixed-interval 1-min—fixed ratio 100 responses. All subjects were trained on both schedules. Fixed-interval performance concurrent with the differential reinforcement procedure was characterized by high constant rates with no post-reinforcement pauses. Fixed-interval performance concurrent with fixed ratio was characterized by low rates and lengthy post-reinforcement pauses. These results differ from those obtained in prior studies on the effects of conditioning history upon subsequent fixed-interval performance. The prior work, using non-concurrent procedures, had shown that fixed-interval performance following differential reinforcement of low rates was characterized by post-reinforcement pauses and low rates, while fixed-interval performance following fixed ratio exhibited high constant rates and no post-reinforcement pause. The present results suggest that alternative concurrent contingencies are another major determinant of human fixed-interval performance.     

The development of stimulus control with and without a lighted key

In two experiments, the effect of an illuminated response key on the acquisition of stimulus control by an airflow stimulus was assessed. In the first experiment, pigeons were given nondifferential training with airflow emerging from behind the response key in one of three conditions of illumination: trained to peck a lighted key, trained to peck an unlighted key with a houselight present, trained to peck a key in total darkness. After 10 days of training on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement, all subjects were given a generalization test on airflow velocity. The gradients for subjects trained in the dark were sharp, while those for subjects trained in lighted conditions were shallow. In the second experiment, the effect of an irrelevant keylight on the acquisition of an airflow velocity discrimination was assessed. Two groups of pigeons were trained to discriminate two airflow velocities. One group was trained with a lighted response key and the other was trained to peck the response key in total darkness. The dark-trained subjects acquired the discrimination more rapidly. The results demonstrate that the acquisition of stimulus control by airflow with either a differential or nondifferential training procedure can be overshadowed by keylight.     

A conditioning technique applicable to elementary school classrooms

A procedure was developed for use in a public school classroom where only one of the children needed treatment, sophisticated apparatus was not feasible, personnel were untrained in conditioning techniques, and where disruption had to be minimized. Candy reinforcers were contingent upon working behavior. The total candy earned in the session was divided equally among the class. Portable radio control apparatus was adopted to give feedback to the child when he was displaying the desired working behavior. An increase in working behavior and a decrease in talking aloud and out-of-seat behavior was observed for each of the four subjects. When the feedback apparatus was removed, the desired behavior was maintained through candy reinforcement alone in all four subjects.     

Stimulus control in the goldfish after massed extinction

Compared with the data of goldfish trained only with stimuli correlated with reinforcement, interspersed reinforcement-stimulus and extinction-stimulus trials resulted in sharper stimulus control and a marked reduction in the percentage of key-presses emitted in the presence of stimuli located near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension. If non-reinforced trials were not interspersed with reinforced trials, there was no sharpening of stimulus control and less reduction in key presses in the presence of stimuli near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension.     

西方关于青年马克思与异化的辯論

马克思早期著作的出版提供给我们一幅关于社会主义思想早期发展的图景,使人更清楚地看到它同哲学和社会学中现行讨论之间的联系。这一联系即早期马克思对此曾多所涉及的异化现象。在这篇论文里,作者指出对异化现象的现时流行的两种主要探索方法——本体论的和社会学的方法——的特征并提出这种看法:早期马克思对这一现象的分析中的黑格尔的本体论和经验社会学之间的紧张关系反映出这一分析——对理解人的地位的一种贡献——的优点而非弱点。     

黑格尔逻辑学中的矛盾和总体

这是加罗第最近在克雷蒙-惠朗大学的一篇报告。加罗第近几年来把黑格尔哲学的遺产的价值捧得很高,他指責斯大林所犯的“哲学錯誤”之一,就是拋弃了黑格尔的遺产。1962年,他发表四百多頁的一本著作《上帝已經死了》,对黑格尔哲学作出了他自己的分析。在这里譯出的这篇文章中,他所分析的黑格尔邏輯学中的“矛盾”和“总体”的問题,就是“二”和“一”的問題。加罗第說,黑格尔哲学的体系以总体为中心范畴,这个体系始于絕对的总体,又以絕对的总体告終,所以是思辨的、唯心主义的,是一种神学的世界观。至于以矛盾为中心范畴的黑格尔的方法,則只要把它唯物主义地顛倒过来,就具有科学价值,因为这是經现代各门科学发展的成果所証明的辯証法。加罗第用了物理学、生物学和美学上的一些例子,駁斥了黑格尔的带有神学性质的总体概念,认为矛盾不是总体的环节,反之,总体乃是矛盾的环节。他主张对正在产生的总体而言,矛盾是第一性的,但他认为用辯証法的矛盾处理問題的目的,在于找到具体生动的和諧,这也就是辯証法的最大的优越性。加罗第借口冲破“教条主义”,借口反对辯証唯物主义給科学研究规定各种“清规戒律”,号召不怕不断地对科学結論作最根本的修正,却不肯定辯証唯物主义的基本规律的永远普遍有效的真理。他把相对說成是絕对的,而排斥了相对之中的絕对的东西。同时他强調辯証法是自由的內在规律和創造的內在规律。这种創造的自由,就是通过对事物之間的矛盾的处理而求得一个新的协調的总体。所以,加罗第在本文中所鼓吹的,实质上乃是主观主义和詭辯論,是矛盾調和論。     

无产阶级专政与全民国家

近几年来,我们党作了巨大的理论工作。苏共第二十二次代表大会给马克思列宁主义的宝库带来了特别重大的贡献。达次代表大会提出了一系列对共产主义建设实践有极其重要意义的新原理和结论。这些结论之一是:无产阶级专政的国家由于社会主义的完全和最终的胜利而转变为全民国家。达一结论完全建筑在马克思列宁主义的根本原理之