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221.
In tool use, the intended external goals have to be transformed into bodily movements by taking into account the target-to-movement
mapping implemented by the tool. In bimanual tool use, this mapping may depend on the part of the tool that is operated and
the effector used (e.g. the left and right hand at the handle bar moving in opposite directions in order to generate the same
bicycle movement). In our study, we investigated whether participants represent the behaviour of the tool or only the effector-specific
mapping when using two-handed tools. In three experiments, participants touched target locations with a two-jointed lever,
using either the left or the right hand. In one condition, the joint of the lever was constant and switching between hands
was associated with switching the target-to-movement-mapping, whereas in another condition, switching between hands was associated
with switching the joint, but the target-to-movement-mapping remained constant. Results indicate pronounced costs of switching
hands in the condition with constant joint, whereas they were smaller with constant target-to-movement mapping. These results
suggest that participants have tool-independent representations of the effector-specific mappings.
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Arvid HerwigEmail: |
222.
Luisa Sartori Cristina Becchio Bruno G. Bara Umberto Castiello 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(3):766-772
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of communicative intention on action. In Experiment 1 participants were requested to reach towards an object, grasp it, and either simply lift it (individual condition) or lift it with the intent to communicate a meaning to a partner (communicative condition). Movement kinematics were recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The results indicate that kinematics was sensitive to communicative intention. Although the to-be-grasped object remained the same, movements performed for the ‘communicative’ condition were characterized by a kinematic pattern which differed from those obtained for the ‘individual’ condition. These findings were confirmed in a subsequent experiment in which the communicative condition was compared to a control condition, in which the communicative exchange was prevented. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive pragmatics and current knowledge on how social behavior shapes action kinematics. 相似文献
223.
Alban Lemasson Anaïs Boutin Sarah Boivin Catherine Blois-Heulin Martine Hausberger 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):693-704
Many animal species that rely mainly on calls to communicate produce individual acoustic structures, but we wondered whether
individuals of species better known as visual communicants, with small vocal repertoires, would also exhibit individual distinctiveness
in calls. Moreover, theoretical advances concerning the evolution of social intelligence are usually based on primate species
data, but relatively little is known about the social cognitive capacities of non-primate mammals. However, some non-primate
species demonstrate auditory recognition of social categories and possess mental representation of their social network. Horses
(Equus caballus) form stable social networks and although they display a large range of visual signals, they also use long-distance whinny
calls to maintain contact. Here, we investigated the potential existence of individual acoustic signatures in whinny calls
and the ability of horses to discriminate by ear individuals varying in their degree of familiarity. Our analysis of the acoustic
structure of whinnies of 30 adult domestic horses (ten stallions, ten geldings, ten mares) revealed that some of the frequency
and temporal parameters carried reliable information about the caller’s sex, body size and identity. However, no correlations
with age were found. Playback experiments evaluated the behavioural significance of this variability. Twelve horses heard
either control white noise or whinnies emitted by group members, familiar neighbours or unfamiliar horses. While control sounds
did not induce any particular response, horses discriminated the social category of the callers and reacted with a sound-specific
behaviour (vigilance and attraction varied with familiarity). Our results support the existence of social knowledge in horses
and suggest a process of vocal coding/decoding of information. 相似文献
224.
225.
Lexical production in children with Down syndrome (DS) was investigated by examining spoken naming accuracy and the use of spontaneous gestures in a picture naming task. Fifteen children with DS (range 3.8-8.3 years) were compared to typically developing children (TD), matched for chronological age and developmental age (range 2.6-4.3 years). Relative to TD children, children with DS were less accurate in speech (producing a greater number of unintelligible answers), yet they produced more gestures overall and of these a significantly higher percentage of iconic gestures. Furthermore, the iconic gestures produced by children with DS accompanied by incorrect or no speech often expressed a concept similar to that of the target word, suggesting deeper conceptual knowledge relative to that expressed only in speech. 相似文献
226.
Programming tool-use actions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Massen C Prinz W 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):692-704
When humans plan to execute a tool-use action, they can only specify the bodily movement parameters by taking into account the external target or goal of the tool-use action and the target-movement mapping implemented by the tool. In this study, the authors used the movement precuing method to investigate how people prepare for actions made with tools. More specifically, they asked whether people would be able to specify the spatial target and the target-movement mapping of the tool-use action independently of each other, and to what degree they would be able to prepare these components in advance. In 3 experiments, they precued either the target or the target-movement mapping of tool-use actions involving either a compatible or an incompatible target-movement mapping. Results indicate that participants benefit from partial advance information about the target-movement mapping, whereas no significant effects were found for precuing the spatial target of the action. These results occurred regardless of whether the target-movement mapping was compatible or incompatible and provide evidence for the notion that the target-movement mapping of a tool-use action is part of its cognitive representation. 相似文献
227.
Cristina Romani 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1999,52(1):97-128
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive causes underlying spelling difficulties in a case of developmental surface dysgraphia, AW. Our results do not support a number of possibilities that could be the cause of AW's poor orthographic lexicon, including difficulties in phonological processing, phonological short-term memory, configurational visual memory, and lexical semantic memory. We have found instead that AW performs poorly in tasks that involve detection of the order of adjacent letters in a word or the order of adjacent units in strings of consonants or symbols. Finally, he performs poorly in tasks that involve reconstructing the order of a series of complex visual characters (Japanese and Hindi characters) especially when these are presented sequentially. We advance the hypothesis that AW's poor spelling and good reading skills stem from an underlying pattern of cognitive abilities where a very good visual configurational memory is coupled with a poor ability to encode serial order. This may have resulted in a holistic word-based reading strategy, which, together with the original problem of encoding order, may have had detrimental effects for the acquisition of spelling. 相似文献
228.
Social Psychology of Education - In Chile, as in other countries, there are large gender gaps in reading achievement. One factor that may explain some of these results is male and female... 相似文献
229.
Older (but not younger) preschoolers understand that knowledge differs between people and across time
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Julian S. Caza Cristina M. Atance Daniel M. Bernstein 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2016,34(3):313-324
We examined 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds' understanding of general knowledge (e.g., knowing that clocks tell time) by investigating whether (1) they recognize that their own general knowledge has changed over time (i.e., they knew less as babies than they know now), and (2) such intraindividual knowledge differences are easier/harder to understand than interindividual differences (i.e., Do preschoolers understand that a baby knows less than they do?). Forty‐eight 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds answered questions about their current general knowledge (‘self‐now’), the general knowledge of a 6‐month‐old (‘baby‐now’), and their own general knowledge at 6 months (‘self‐past’). All age groups were significantly above chance on the self‐now questions, but only 5‐year‐olds were significantly above chance on the self‐past and baby‐now questions. Moreover, children's performance on the baby‐now and self‐past questions did not differ. Our findings suggest that younger preschoolers do not fully appreciate that their past knowledge differs from their current knowledge, and that others may have less knowledge than they do. We situate these findings within the research on knowledge understanding, more specifically, and cognitive development, more broadly. 相似文献
230.
Ana D. Rivera-Tovar Paul Pilkonis Ellen Frank 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1992,14(2):189-199
The symptom patterns of 180 women with prospectively confirmed late luteal-phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) were examined using a careful application of factor and cluster analytic techniques. Factor analysis of premenstrual change scores on 33 common premenstrual syndrome symptoms yielded four orthogonal factors that were consistent across two sets of menstrual cycle data. These were a negative affect dimension with concomitant behavioral changes, physical symptoms, agitation, and positive arousal. Cluster analysis of factor scores grouped patients into one of five symptom patterns, the most common of which is a general distress cluster, characterized by symptoms across all dimensions. The LLPDD symptom groups identified are remarkably consistent with those of earlier studies using both normative and clinic samples, and consideration of symptom pattern differences in future research may greatly increase our understanding of this disorder. 相似文献