Effect of display size on visual attention

Attention plays an important role in the design of human-machine interfaces. However, current knowledge about attention is largely based on data obtained when using devices of moderate display size. With advancement in display technology comes the need for understanding attention behavior over a wider range of viewing sizes. The effect of display size on test participants' visual search performance was studied. The participants (N = 12) performed two types of visual search tasks, that is, parallel and serial search, under three display-size conditions (16 degrees, 32 degrees, and 60 degrees). Serial, but not parallel, search was affected by display size. In the serial task, mean reaction time for detecting a target increased with the display size.     

大学新生应对方式特点的研究

目的:探讨大学新生应对方式特点。方法:采用应对方式问卷对563名大学新生进行测量。结果:大学新生以使用成熟的应对方式(解决问题、求助)为主;在幻想因子上,性别和专业的主效应显著,女生得分比男生高,文科学生得分高于理科学生得分;在自责因子上,专业主效应显著,文科学生得分高于艺术体育类学生;在求助因子上,生源地的主效应显著,城市大学新生得分高于农村学生。结论:大学新生更多地使用成熟的应对方式;女生比男生更多地使用幻想的应对方式;文科学生比艺术体育类学生更多地使用自责的应对方式;文科学生比理科生更多地使用幻想的应对方式;农村学生比城市学生更少使用求助的应对方式。     

德性伦理学:内在的观点与外在的观点——一份临时提纲

德性伦理学是基于人的实践可能性的对人的善生活的哲学说明。德性的观点表明一种基本的真实:德性地生活对于人始终是一种可能性。德性伦理学比其他实质性的伦理学更明确地诉诸这个可能性前提。对这个基础的说明只有借助对心灵整体及其历史两个相互联系的基本前提要素的理解才有可能。这些相互联系的观点内涵对人的实践性活动的身心一致的解释,构成一种内德性的、内德性伦理学的观点。这种内在观点的缺乏引向强硬分割心灵而在理解实践活动时不能复原其整体性的倾向。整体心灵的历史性也由此丧失。被剥夺掉其实践生命内容的心被抽象为agency,作为功能性对照物的身也成为消极的、不确定的实践心灵的抽象符号。基于这种方法与观点的德性伦理学讨论不是恰当的德性伦理学讨论。它没有抓住真实。     

邪教：危害农村的文化恶魔——衡阳市农村邪教组织活动重点地区的调研

自20世纪80年代以来,我国部分农村地区陆续出现了邪教组织。它们的存在及其活动严重危害了农民群众的生命财产安全,扰乱了农村地区社会治安秩序,阻碍了新农村建设。笔者认为邪教是一种特殊的越轨亚文化。这种文化在农村滋生、蔓延以及进行的种种非法活动,     

无意识情绪启动研究新进展

本文对目前无意识情绪启动的两种方式、无意识情绪启动在认知领域和人格领域实证研究、无意识情绪启动的神经生理的研究以及无意识情绪启动模型理论研究进行理论的综述;同时对无意识情绪启动研究不足之处以及今后研究方向作了简评。     

Body image, relationships, and time

The cultural standard of an impossible-to-attain ideal body image has been blamed for a plethora of psychological ills, from low self-esteem to eating disorders. In this study, the authors investigated the importance of current body image dissatisfaction compared with the ideal for married couples and for single people. The results indicated that although body image dissatisfaction exists in both married and single people, this discrepancy is of significantly less importance to married couples. The importance of long-lasting, satisfying relationships decreases the importance of body dissatisfaction and mitigates the impact of unrealistic ideal body image.     

The effect of text orientation, visual meridian, and inter-character spacing on word identification in the retinal periphery

Previous research has demonstrated that the masking effects of flankers about a target in the peripheral retina are not isotropic. Rather, regions of lateral interaction are ellipsoid in shape with the major axis oriented radially along a meridian through the fovea. This finding leads to the counterintuitive prediction that horizontal text positioned to the right of fixation might be read more slowly than similarly positioned text oriented diagonally or vertically. Similarly, vertically oriented text above fixation might be read more slowly than horizontally or diagonally oriented text above fixation. We investigated the effect of text orientation and inter-character spacing on word identification in the retinal periphery. Text was presented by rapid serial visual presentation. Words were centered 3 degrees from fixation along four visual field meridians (VM) (right horizontal, upper-right diagonal, vertical, and upper-left diagonal). Regardless of VM identification, performance was best for horizontal text, declining slightly for orientations between +60 degrees and -60 degrees and declining more quickly for acute orientations. A weak effect of VM was observed for text with normal inter-character spacing. Performance was best for text centered along the horizontal meridian and declined slightly along the other VM. Finally, identification rates increased by approximately 33 words min(-1) with the addition of one character space between adjacent letters. The word-recognition processes are very tolerant of text orientation, exhibiting a modest decline for orientations within +/- 60 of horizontal regardless of VM.     

Exchange through emoting: An emotional model of leader–member resource exchanges

Despite research suggesting that emotional interactions pervade daily resource exchanges between leaders and members, the leader–member exchange (LMX) literature has predominantly focused on the interplay between general affective experiences and the overall relationship quality. Drawing upon the affect theory of social exchange, we examine why and how discrete exchange imbalance engenders distinct emotions and shapes downstream work behaviors of the members. Results from a preregistered experimental study with 247 participants and an experience sampling study with time-lagged reports from 79 leaders and 145 members show that a positively imbalanced exchange increases members’ subsequent leader-directed helping via gratitude (but not via shame) and that a negatively imbalanced exchange increases members’ subsequent risk-taking via pride (but not via anger). Moreover, the intensity of such effects hinges upon the average level of resource contributions of leader–member dyads. Our research casts light on the role of transient emotions in dynamic resource exchanges between leaders and members and enriches our knowledge of within-dyad fluctuations of social exchanges.     

Auditory grouping based on fundamental frequency and formant peak frequency

The perceptual grouping of a four-tone cycle was studied as a function of differences in fundamental frequencies and the frequencies of spectral peaks. Each tone had a single formant and at least 13 harmonics. In Experiment 1 the formant was created by filtering a flat spectrum and in Experiment 2 by adding harmonics. Fundamental frequency was found to be capable of controlling grouping even when the spectra spanned exactly the same frequency range. Formant peak separation became more effective as the sharpness (amplitude of the peak relative to a spectral pedestal) increased. The effect of each type of acoustic difference depended on the task. Listeners could group the tones by either sort of difference but were also capable of resisting the disruptive effect of the other one. This was taken as evidence for the presence of a schema-based process of perceptual grouping and the relative weakness of primitive segregation.