随机支持模型:青少年主观概率校准的特点

随机支持模型试图以假设支持为随机变量的方式描述主观概率的校准。采用随机配对的60个中国城市户籍人口的比较任务验证了该模型对初中、高中和大学生的适用性。研究还表明青少年主观概率校准的发展特点:青少年的正确率随年龄的增长而提高;主观概率判断(信心)不同年龄有显著差异,大学生信心最强,其次是初中生、再次是高中生;大学生主观概率判断的极端性最强,其次是初中生,再次是高中生;青少年的主观概率校准是过度自信的。     

8—12岁超常与常态儿童的检测时比较

研究者采用两种视觉检测时任务,比较了8至12岁超常和常态儿童的检测时发展变化特点。结果发现：随着年龄的增长,超常组和常态组儿童的检测时都呈现出逐步减小的趋势,并且对于不同任务的检测时,两组儿童的发展速度不同,但均未表现出性别差异;在不同的年龄段和检测时任务中,超常组儿童的检测时均显著地快于常态组儿童。通过对两组儿童的检测时发展速率的比较还发现,儿童的检测时发展基本上不受学校知识或经验的影响。另外,两组儿童的检测时和智力测验分数之间都有中等程度的负相关。     

Attachment,Social Support,Resilience and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Chinese Adults Living with HIV/AIDS

The present study aimed to examine the effects of attachment, social support and resilience on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in people living with HIV/AIDS. One hundred fifty-two HIV+ adults in China were investigated. The results suggested that attachment anxiety had a significant direct effect on PTSD symptoms and impacted PTSD symptoms indirectly though associations with social support and resilience. Attachment avoidance could also be considered a distal risk factor of PTSD symptoms via the mediation of social support and resilience. The findings highlight the importance of identifying trauma and PTSD symptoms in people affected by HIV/AIDS and suggest that people with attachment anxiety and low social support resources might be at high risk for PTSD.     

高校毕业生可雇佣能力的因素、结构与测量

该研究在文献理论分析、招聘广告词频分析、专家反馈、焦点团队访谈和半开放式问卷调查的基础上,编制了高校毕业生可雇佣能力问卷,并对已签订就业协议的930名高校毕业生进行了施测。探索性和验证性因素分析结果表明高校毕业生可雇佣能力是一个多层次多维度的结构,主要包括15个基本因素,分别归属于5个二阶维度和一个三阶维度,量表的信、效度指标均达到心理测量学要求。     

藏族、维吾尔族在表音、表意文字辨认上大脑两半球的功能特点

用半视野速示术对藏族、维吾尔族人(各60名),进行辨认表音、表意文字的研究。结果表明,无论是藏族还是维吾尔族被试,对汉字(表意文字)的辨认都是两半球均势的,而对藏/维文(表音文字)的辨认却出现两种不同的结果:对熟练掌握和使用汉语多年(五年以上)的藏族被试出现两半球均势,而学习汉语一年左右的藏族及维吾尔族被试以及学习汉语四年的维吾尔族被试却为左半球优势。这表明对表意文字汉字的辨认是两半球均势的,对表音文字藏/维文的辨认似乎受被试使用汉语的影响,会由左半球优势转变为两半球均势。     

再探汉字加工中语音、语义激活的相对时间进程

在Zhou和Marslen-Wilson（2000）基础之上,进一步探讨汉字加工中语音和语义信息激活的相对时间进程及其对汉字加工理论的含义。采用启动范式,用同一目标字与语义相关启动字、同音启动字以及无关控制启动字配对,变化同音启动字读音与其声旁的规则性,变化启动字与目标字呈现之间的时间间隔（SOA,57ms或200ms）,使用两种实验任务（真假字判断和命名）,考察语义、语音效应发生的时间先后与效应量的大小。真假字判断实验发现,不管SOA如何,语义启动效应都非常显著,而同音启动效应则随SOA的增长而逐渐加大,从不显著到显著;同音启动字读音规则性对启动效应没有明显影响。命名实验发现,语义启动、同音启动效应同时存在于长、短SOA条件中。长SOA时,两者在数值上没有显著差异;短SOA时,同音不规则字产生的启动效应等同于语义启动效应,而同音规则字产生的启动效应则大于语义启动效应。结合其它实验发现,这些结果说明,在熟练的汉字加工中,语音信息的激活并不比语义信息早,语音激活也不是语义激活的先决条件;但汉字各种信息激活的相对激活量和时间进程会随任务性质和材料性质而在一定范围内有所改变。     

Metaphorical mapping between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity in Chinese culture

Previous research has demonstrated metaphorical mappings between physical coldness–warmth and social distance–closeness. Since the concepts of interpersonal warmth are frequently expressed in terms of food-related words in Chinese, the present study sought to explore whether the concept of raw–cooked food could be unconsciously and automatically mapped onto strangeness–familiarity. After rating the nutritive value of raw or cooked foods, participants were presented with morphing movies in which their acquaintances gradually transformed into strangers or strangers gradually morphed into acquaintances, and were asked to stop the movies when the combined images became predominantly target faces. The results demonstrated that unconscious and automatic metaphorical mappings between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity exist. This study provides a foundation for testing whether Chinese people can think about interpersonal familiarity using mental representations of raw–cooked food and supports cognitive metaphor theory from a crosslinguistic perspective.