中小学教师职业倦怠的现状及相关因素研究

采用修订的Maslach教师职业倦怠问卷对647名中小学教师进行了调查,结果表明: (1)我国教师的职业倦怠整体程度不高,但与我国护士和美国教师相比,其个人成就感明显偏低。(2)男女教师的情绪衰竭和非人性化程度无显著差异,女教师成就感显著高于男教师。 (3)中专学历的教师的情绪衰竭感显著低于大专和本科学历的教师。 (4)小学教师的个人成就感显著高于中学教师,而非人性化程度明显比中学教师低,高中教师比小学和初中教师具有更强的情绪衰竭感。 (5)教龄为5-10年的小学教师和教龄为11-20年的中学教师,最易出现情绪衰竭感。(6)教龄在5年内的初中男教师和教龄在11-20年的初中女教师,可能是职业倦怠的高发人群。     

再探猜谜作业中“顿悟”的ERP效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探讨顿悟问题（字谜）解决中提供答案后的脑内时程动态变化。结果发现,在250~400 ms内,“有顿悟”和“不理解”比“无顿悟”的ERP波形均有一个更为负向的偏移。在“有顿悟—无顿悟”和“不理解—无顿悟”的差异波中,这个负成分的潜伏期约为320 ms (N320),地形图显示,N320在中后部活动最强。进一步对“有顿悟—无顿悟”差异波作偶极子溯源分析,发现N320主要起源于扣带前回（ACC）附近。这似乎表明,N320可能反映了提供答案瞬间新旧思路之间的认知冲突,但是却不能真正揭示顿悟问题解决中思维定势的成功突破以及“恍然大悟”所对应的独特脑内时程变化     

序列学习下内隐记忆意识性的动态发展特征

该研究采用事件相关电位方法(ERP),通过算式符号判别任务研究大学生序列学习下内隐记忆意识性动态发展的时空分布特征。研究采用算式符号判别任务探讨在不同反应-刺激时间间隔条件下,序列学习过程中伴随的对整个算式刺激的内隐记忆意识性的影响及时空分布特征。实验结果表明:1)在对序列规则进行内隐学习的过程中同时可以伴随内隐记忆的发生,RSI的增加导致内隐记忆意识性增加;2)不同意识性程度的内隐记忆激活脑区的头皮分布存在差异。意识性程度高激活脑区范围更广泛和弥散,意识性程度低激活脑区范围较小和集中。意识性由大到小激活脑区有由后(枕区)向前(额区)连续变化的趋势。     

大学生主观幸福感的跨文化研究:来自48个国家和地区的调查报告

旨在考察主观幸福感的基本状况,通过对来自48个国家和地区的10018名大学生被试施测《国际大学调查》(ICS)问卷(分A卷和B卷),对施测结果进行相关分析和回归分析,发现积极情感、消极情感、生活满意感、自我体验和外在准则都是主观幸福感的有效预测变量。在回归分析的基础上采用优势分析方法评估了主观幸福感各预测变量在预测主观幸福感时的相对重要性。优势分析结果表明,预测主观幸福感时积极情感最为重要,其次是生活满意感。这再一次验证主观幸福感主要是由情感和认知两方面预测的观点。     

Family boundary characteristics,work–family conflict and life satisfaction: A moderated mediation model

Although work–family border and boundary theory suggest individuals' boundary characteristics influence their work–family relationship, it is largely unknown how boundary flexibility and permeability mutually influence work–family conflict and subsequent employee outcomes. Moreover, the existing work–family conflict research has been mainly conducted in the United States and other Western countries. To address these gaps in the work–family literature, the present study examines a moderated mediation model regarding how family boundary characteristics may influence individuals' work–family conflict and life satisfaction with a sample of 278 Chinese full‐time employees. Results showed that employees' family flexibility negatively related to their perceived work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW), and both these two relationships were augmented by individuals' family permeability. In addition, WIF mediated the relationship between family flexibility and life satisfaction; the indirect effect of family flexibility on life satisfaction via WIF was stronger for individuals with higher family permeability. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.     

Regional gray matter volume is associated with rejection sensitivity: A voxel-based morphometry study

Rejection sensitivity (RS) can be defined as the disposition that one tends to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. High-RS individuals are more likely to suffer mental disorders. Previous studies have investigated brain activity during social rejection using different kinds of rejection paradigms and have provided neural evidence of individual differences in response to rejection cues, but the association between individual differences in RS and brain structure has never been investigated. In this study, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate the relationship between gray matter volume (GMV) and RS in a large healthy sample of 150 men and 188 women. The participants completed the RS Questionnaire and underwent an anatomical magnetic resonance imaging scan. Multiple regression was used to analyze the correlation between regional GMV and RS scores, adjusting for age, sex, and total brain GMV. These results showed that GMV in the region of the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus was negatively associated with RS, and GMV in the region of the inferior temporal gyrus was positively correlated with RS. These findings suggest a relationship between individual differences in RS and GMV in brain regions that are primarily related to social cognition.     

广州大学生主观幸福感研究

运用《国际大学调查》(ICS)问卷,对广州市200名大学生进行抽样调查,考察了广州市大学生的主观幸福感的基本状况,并对主观幸福感与各维度之间的相互关系作了分析。结果表明：(1)男女幸福感没有差异;(2)主观幸福感主要是由积极情感、消极情感和生活满意度决定;(3)外在准则对主观幸福感的影响是间接的;(4)个体的自我体验和主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感、外界准则等相关,但与外界准则的相关最大。     

稷下争鸣与经学一统

稷下学宫中的百家争鸣是齐文化尊贤重士传统的产物,而经学则是汉武帝通过“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”建构起来的意识形态。两汉时期的经学分为今文经学和古文经学。其中今文经学被汉王朝立为官学,设博士,置弟子员,优秀者可以依次入仕做官,经学借着政治的力量得到广泛传播,直接将经文与现实政治相结合,讲阴阳灾异,讲微言大义,从而形成了学风活泼、议论合时的风格。经学在的形成过程中,无论是从经学大师的“参政”、“议政”,还是从经学的内容与学术特点来看,都与稷下学有着密不可分的关系。     

明式家具和现代家具审美偏好的眼动研究

本研究采用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪对不同类型家具的审美偏好进行考察,共有36名不同年龄被试参与实验。结果发现:(1)不同类型家具的总注视时间、总注视次数和平均注视次数均存在显著差异,明式家具显著多于现代家具;(2)不同家具类型兴趣区的总注视次数存在显著差异,明式家具显著多于现代家具;(3)不同年龄被试的总注视时间、总注视次数和平均注视次数不存在显著差异,即年龄因素对被试的审美偏好没有影响。     

大学校园需要无神论的理性感召——记无神论进校园第二次大学教师座谈会

2006年9月11日．在中国社科院世界宗教研究所．中国无神论学会召开了第二次关于在大学进行科学无神论教育问题的座谈会。来自北京师大、北京科技大、北京语言大学、巾央社会主义学院、中国科技馆、中网国际文化交流中心的教师和学者,与《科学与无神论》杂志编辑部的专家,共同交流了如何将无神论宣传与教育引领到大学校园去,获得很多好的建议与启发值得继续探索。以下简略介绍他们的发言。