Indirect assessment of visual working memory for simple and complex objects

Previous research has shown that visual search performance is modulated by the current contents in visual working memory (VWM), even when the contents of VWM are irrelevant to the search task. For example, visual search is faster when the target--rather than a distractor--is surrounded by a shape currently held in VWM. This study uses the modulation of visual search by VWM to investigate properties of VWM. Participants wereasked to remember the color or the shape of novel polygons whose "goodness" of figure varied according to Garner's (1962) rotation and reflection transformation principle. During the memory retention interval, participants searched for a tilted line among vertical lines embedded inside colored polygons. Search was faster when the target--rather than a distractor--was enclosed by the remembered polygons. The congruity effect diminished with increasing memory load and decreasing figure goodness. We conclude that congruity effects in visual search can indirectly assess VWM representation strength.     

汉字识别侧抑制效应的实验研究

以汉字作为实验材料,采用侧抑制任务范式,考察了不同性质冲突任务下的汉字识别情况.结果发现:反应冲突条件下的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,侧抑制效应非常明显;刺激冲突任务中,只有字音干扰条件表现出了侧抑制效应,字形和字义干扰条件下的反应时与无冲突条件均无显著差异.实验结果说明,侧抑制效应可能受认知加工阶段的影响;汉字字音与形、义特征的加工过程可能并不相同,语音的激活可能要早于语义和字形的激活.     

高校教师工作家庭关系的日记式追踪研究

本研究通过对30名高校教师连续14天的日记式追踪研究,探讨了工作家庭关系的特点及其与工作特征、性别等变量之间的关系.结果发现:1)工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进主要受到个体内因素影响,具有动态变化特点;2)高校教师体验到的工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进之间存在较弱的负相关;3)工作要求能正向预测工作家庭冲突,工作控制能负向预测工作家庭冲突,同时对工作家庭促进有正向预测作用;4)性别可以调节工作要求与工作家庭冲突之间的关系,对男教师来说,工作要求对工作家庭冲突的影响作用更小.     

Visual inertia of rotating 3-D objects

Five experiments were designed to determine whether a rotating, transparent 3-D cloud of dots (simulated sphere) could influence the perceived direction of rotation of a subsequent sphere. Experiment 1 established conditions under which the direction of rotation of a virtual sphere was perceived unambiguously. When a near-far luminance difference and perspective depth cues were present, observers consistently saw the sphere rotate in the intended direction. In Experiment 2, a near-far luminance difference was used to create an unambiguous rotation sequence that was followed by a directionally ambiguous rotation sequence that lacked both the near-far luminance cue and the perspective cue. Observers consistently saw the second sequence as rotating in the same direction as the first, indicating the presence of 3-D visual inertia. Experiment 3 showed that 3-D visual inertia was sufficiently powerful to bias the perceived direction of a rotation sequence made unambiguous by a near-far luminance cue. Experiment 5 showed that 3-D visual inertia could be obtained using an occlusion depth cue to create an unambiguous inertia-inducing sequence. Finally, Experiments 2, 4, and 5 all revealed a fast-decay phase of inertia that lasted for approximately 800 msec, followed by an asymptotic phase that lasted for periods as long as 1,600 msec. The implications of these findings are examined with respect to motion mechanisms of 3-D visual inertia.     

超常的声称要有超常的证据——关于就无神论教育问题与中学生的系列对话（一）

北京八中开展无神论教育课题后,中学生们提出了很多困惑与思考的问题,非常值得研究与讨论。它不仅反应了同学们日常从社会上、家庭中接收到各种有神论思想的信息而产生疑问,同时也反映出无神论教育的缺位导致他们世界观认识的不稳定性。尽管思想政治教育课在哲学、理想、道德、法律和心理上有所涉猎,但是如何建立正确的世界观,还是需要科学无神论的教育。我们将根据同学们提出的疑惑问题,与无神论专家们共同展开讨论,在思想撞击中产生新的认识火花。本期刊登有关“如何认识超自然现象问题”,今后几期还将讨论有关如何看待宗教信仰问题、如何看待迷信问题、科学家信教和名人迷信问题。希望广大读者和专家加入我们的讨论。     

当代心智哲学研究的12个问题及其他

自古希腊文明时期起,人类就开始了对心智(m ind)奥秘孜孜不倦的探索。然而,在20世纪后半叶之前,心智在哲学中的研究一直处于非主流状态。在过去的30年里,这种情况发生了很大的改变,心智哲学成为哲学研究的中心论题之一,它带动和涵盖了其他许多哲学分支的研究。心智哲学的当代领军人物之一、美国著名哲学家塞尔(John R.Searle)甚至指出:“50年前语言哲学被认为是‘第一哲学’,现在这一位置由心智哲学所取代。”[1]正是基于这一认识,塞尔在他的新作《心智》一书中总结了当代心智哲学应该加以深入研究的12个基本问题,这些问题是在笛卡尔传统…     

How optimists face skin cancer information: Risk assessment,attention, memory,and behavior

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how optimists process health-related information. Sixty-five young adults (ages 18–35) reported skin cancer-related knowledge and behaviors, and read slides of information on skin and skin cancer. Visual attention to the slides was recorded using eye tracking, and their memory for the information was measured. Additionally, participants’ self-reported skin cancer-relevant behavior was assessed prospectively in the months following the lab component of the study. Results show that individuals low in dispositional optimism or high in health-related optimism paid more attention when they were at high objective risk of developing skin cancer; and individuals high in dispositional optimism or high in health-related optimism were more likely to perform adaptive, health-promoting behaviors. In addition, optimistic beliefs were found not to be related with unrealistic optimism. Dispositional and health-related optimism therefore appear to predict health-related cognition and behavior in distinct ways.     

全其形生——浅论道家关于形体的哲学

《周易·系辞》中说:在天成象,在地成形,变化见矣。①在这天下之世界中,形是芸芸变化所凭依的东西。《系辞》中又说:形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器。②形既是道与器所凭依而统一之所在,     

矿工不安全心理的结构和测量

该研究探讨了我国矿工群体不安全心理的状况和表现,编订与矿工职业特点相适应的不安全心理测量工具.方法:从矿工不安全心理主题入手,以文献研究为基础,结合访谈和开放式问卷所获资料,并对2033名矿工进行施测,对调查数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,形成正式问卷.结果:探索性因素分析表明,矿工不安全心理包括安全无奈感、逆反心理、麻痹心理、临时心理四个方面;验证性因素分析结果表明构想模型拟合较好,问卷的信效度均达到心理测量学的要求.结论:矿工不安全心理问卷可以作为研究我国矿工不安全心理的一个有效测量工具.