Children Change Their Answers in Response to Neutral Follow-Up Questions by a Knowledgeable Asker

Burgeoning evidence suggests that when children observe data, they use knowledge of the demonstrator's intent to augment learning. We propose that the effects of social learning may go beyond cases where children observe data, to cases where they receive no new information at all. We present a model of how simply asking a question a second time may lead to belief revision, when the questioner is expected to know the correct answer. We provide an analysis of the CHILDES corpus to show that these neutral follow-up questions are used in parent–child conversations. We then present three experiments investigating 4- and 5-year-old children's reactions to neutral follow-up questions posed by ignorant or knowledgeable questioners. Children were more likely to change their answers in response to a neutral follow-up question from a knowledgeable questioner than an ignorant one. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of common practices in legal, educational, and experimental psychological settings.     

When the internet is wrong: Children’s trust in an inaccurate internet or human source

Prior studies have shown that children can select and evaluate information based on the previous accuracy of an informant. The current study examines how 5- to 6-year-old kindergarteners (N = 46) and 7- to 8-year-old second-graders (N = 48) in China judge scientific information provided by the internet or a teacher, and how a source's history of inaccuracy influences participants’ judgments. When lacking explicit information about previous accuracy, neither younger children nor older children showed differential trust in the internet or a teacher. After observing the internet providing inaccurate information, children in both age groups decreased their trust in statements from the internet. When the teacher was consistently inaccurate, children in both age groups also showed reduced preference for the teacher's statements. These findings demonstrate that 5- to 8-year-old children take into account history of inaccuracy when deciding whether to request or endorse information from the internet or a teacher.     

中国台湾地区安宁疗护的历史变迁、挑战与展望

在人口老龄化的背景下,为尽快改善终末期患者的死亡质量,探求符合东方文化诉求的安宁疗护发展道路,从历史角度对中国台湾地区安宁疗护的发展历程进行梳理。依托相关规定和制度,中国台湾地区安宁疗护取得快速发展,在不同发展阶段依次完成了解决初期困难,完善服务内容,提高服务质量的发展目标。同时,安宁疗护发展目标的实现需要基金会、安宁疗护社团与各界热心人士的精诚合作和不懈努力。中国台湾地区安宁疗护未来的发展仍然面临挑战,质量把控、服务转型、体系融合将是其发展的方向。

     

心力衰竭治疗方法及理念转变之争议分析

关于心力衰竭（简称心衰）的病因病机和治疗中国自古以来就有所认识,而随着西医的传入与发展,基础和循证医学使人们更加深入地了解心衰的发病机制,并推动了心衰治疗方法及理念的更新。心衰已由最初的“水钠潴留”的病理生理机制过渡到“血液动力学异常”模式,再到“神经内分泌免疫调节”模式。近年来,人们对心衰综合征有了进一步的了解,同时随着医疗模式的转变及人文医学、哲学、心理学和全科医学的发展,心衰的诊断、治疗和预防理念产生了巨大的改变。

     

赋权、共情与主体性：作为微型民族志的叙事医学

基于对生物医学的批判,疾病叙事转向抓住第一人称的痛苦体验,是为病人赋权的主体性回归过程,成为一种批判性与补充性研究方法。叙事医学促使医务人员达成共情,深入理解病人的生理与社会苦痛,创造医患对话空间。然而,这些叙事局限于医患之间普适性单向互动表达。微型民族志作为叙事医学新范式,是资料收集、赋权、共情、治疗为一体的研究范式,将阿尔茨海默病老人的主体性互动研究作为微型民族志的典型案例,为完善中国叙事医学理论与方法带来更多启示。

     

健康焦虑的产生、分型及其治理

健康焦虑来源于健康的不确定性风险和风险感知。伴随风险社会中健康不确定性风险的日渐增多,公众对健康风险的感知越来越强,健康焦虑普遍存在于各类群体。基于健康焦虑产生的不确定性风险来源发现,健康焦虑可以分为由生活和劳动环境变化产生的环境型健康焦虑,由外部社会发展变化产生的结构型健康焦虑,突发事件导致的应激型健康焦虑,身体机能变化而来的生理型健康焦虑。以健康优先为原则推动个体和社会发展,降低环境健康风险,提升公众健康素养是缓解健康焦虑的应对之策。

     

刍议人体试验伦理审查程序的正当化

医学伦理委员会在成立之初就明确了自身的使命:确保涉及人体试验研究的"科学"、"伦理"和"监管"。但在实际操作中, 很多伦理审查委员会将程序的正义简单地理解为是不是采用了标准化的审查流程, 是否通过了国外所谓权威机构的认证, 这导致伦理审查并没有遵循一个正当的程序进行, 使其在公平性、公正性等诸多方面受到质疑。因此, 为维护受试者的核心权益, 确保涉及人体试验的医学研究有序进行, 建立正当的程序并在伦理审查过程中实现程序正义有着极为重要的意义。     

The relationship between mental rotation and arithmetic: do number line estimation,working memory,or place-value concept matter?

Mental rotation is positively related to arithmetic ability; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. The possible roles of working memory, place-value concept, and number line estimation in the correlation between mental rotation and whole-number computation were investigated. One hundred and fifty-five first-grade students were tested to determine their mental rotation ability, arithmetic ability, and non-verbal intelligence. One year later, their working memory, place-value concept, number line estimation, and overall arithmetic ability were assessed. After controlling for age, gender, and prior arithmetic ability, we found that mental rotation uniquely predicted arithmetic ability after one year. Further mediation analyses demonstrated that number line estimation significantly mediated the relationship between mental rotation and arithmetic ability. In contrast, neither working memory nor place-value concept significantly mediated the relationship between mental rotation and arithmetic ability. This study highlights that mental number line estimation is the most important element explaining the influence of a dynamic spatial skill, that is, mental rotation, on arithmetic ability among young Chinese children.     

When and why does sense of power hinder self-reported helping behavior? Testing a moderated mediation model in Chinese undergraduates

Many studies on power and its influence on pro-social behavior have been conducted with Western samples. Little is known about whether the relevant research findings can be extended to other cultural settings. This study investigates the relationship between sense of power and self-reported helping behavior in Chinese culture. Using a sample of 388 undergraduate students, this study examines a moderated mediation model in which moral identity serves as a moderator and perspective taking serves as a mediator. The results show that sense of power is negatively associated with helping behavior, and this association is mediated by perspective taking. That is, sense of power exerts a negative effect on perspective taking, thereby decreasing people's tendency to help others. In addition, moral identity moderates the direct and indirect effect from sense of power to helping behavior. Specifically, when moral identity is low, sense of power exerts negative effects on perspective taking and helping behavior, but these effects become non-significant when moral identity is high. This study sheds new light on the understanding of sense of power by examining its profound role in influencing pro-social engagement in Eastern cultures. Our findings suggest that powerful people with lower levels of moral identity may be less willing to consider others' thoughts and feelings, and act less helping behavior. While high moral identity may buffer the negative effect of sense of power and enable powerful people to better play a role in promoting social harmony.     

学习不良儿童社会性发展与家庭资源因果关系的研究

对普通学校2308名儿童中选取的211名学习不良儿童综合运用问卷测量和访谈等方法的结果表明,学习不良儿童社会性发展诸方面与家庭资源存在着相互作用。家庭资源影响学习不良儿童的社会性发展,家庭资源中的家庭心理环境、父母教养方式与学习不良儿童社会性发展诸方面具有一定的因果联系。对于学习不良儿童的教育矫正,家庭是一个不可忽视的重要因素。