情绪背景和社会预期对社会经济决策行为的影响

采用最后通牒博弈范式,探讨不同情绪背景对社会经济决策中社会预期效应的影响。以90名大学生为被试,利用不同效价的电影片段(正性、负性和中性)诱发相应的目标情绪。通过操作社会规范性信息启动被试对分配方案公平性的不同预期。结果发现:在负性和中性情绪背景下,高预期组更倾向于拒绝接受不公平分配。在正性情绪背景下,高预期组和低预期组面对不公平提议时的接受率没有显著差异。结果表明正性情绪背景使社会预期效应发生改变,回应者对分配方案的高预期不再对决策结果产生显著影响。     

Individuation training with other‐race faces reduces preschoolers’ implicit racial bias: a link between perceptual and social representation of faces in children

The present study examined whether perceptual individuation training with other‐race faces could reduce preschool children's implicit racial bias. We used an ‘angry = outgroup’ paradigm to measure Chinese children's implicit racial bias against African individuals before and after training. In Experiment 1, children between 4 and 6 years were presented with angry or happy racially ambiguous faces that were morphed between Chinese and African faces. Initially, Chinese children demonstrated implicit racial bias: they categorized happy racially ambiguous faces as own‐race (Chinese) and angry racially ambiguous faces as other‐race (African). Then, the children participated in a training session where they learned to individuate African faces. Children's implicit racial bias was significantly reduced after training relative to that before training. Experiment 2 used the same procedure as Experiment 1, except that Chinese children were trained with own‐race Chinese faces. These children did not display a significant reduction in implicit racial bias. Our results demonstrate that early implicit racial bias can be reduced by presenting children with other‐race face individuation training, and support a linkage between perceptual and social representations of face information in children.     

河南省三所本科院校护理人文课程教学现状调查与分析

护理学专业的特点,决定了护理教育必须要注重人文精神的培养,通过教学能够提高学生职业素养,树立良好职业观念,指导学生的职业行为。但是,目前护理院校人文课程存在设置不太合理,教师、学生对于人文课程重要性和开设目的认识不够,对内容了解不足等问题。而护理专业课压力太大、学校重视不足以及人文课程教学模式单一、学生没有兴趣等因素影响了护理人文课程的教学效果。护理人文课程教学改革需要建立可操作性的教育目标体系,加强对专业课教师的人文知识培训,促进护理人文课与专业课的融合。     

青少年自伤行为的自我惩罚功能:源于内疚感还是羞耻感？

为了探讨青少年自伤行为自我惩罚功能的情绪条件,设计了两个研究：研究一包括2个实验,实验1对60名青少年、实验2对87名青少年进行行为实验;研究二使用青少年自我伤害行为问卷、中学生羞耻感量表以及中学生内疚感量表等对723名普通青少年进行问卷调查。行为实验的结果显示,内疚感和羞耻感均能有效诱发青少年的自伤行为,而自伤行为能有效缓解青少年的内疚感和羞耻感;问卷调查的结果显示,青少年自伤与内疚感有明显的负相关,与羞耻感有明显的正相关。因此,维持青少年自伤行为自我惩罚功能的情绪条件是羞耻感,而非内疚感。     

如何削弱产品来源国效应*—— 产品信息呈现方式的影响研究

以元认知和双系统模式的心理学理论为背景, 研究了分析式系统对来源国效应的削弱, 检验了产品信息呈现方式对来源国效应的调节作用。三个研究说明, 分析式系统的启动可以有效削弱来源国效应; 特定的产品信息呈现方式所引起的消费者信息处理不流畅性感知会激发消费者的元认知困难, 从而使他们在产品评价过程中主要依赖分析式系统, 达到削弱来源国效应的目的; 并不是所有能引起信息处理不流畅性的产品信息呈现方式都能削弱来源国效应, 过于复杂的呈现方式由于给消费者带来过多认知负荷, 反而不能成功启动分析系统, 从而无法削弱产品来源国形象对消费者产品评价的影响。     

名词与动词加工的ERP差异

采用词汇判断任务和记录ERP的方法,探讨了名词与动词之间的差异以及词汇的具体性对这种词性效应的影响。研究结果表明,在200~300ms、300~400ms（即N400）时窗,词性与具体性的交互作用在两侧电极上达到显著水平,在两半球上具体名词所诱发的ERP比具体动词更负。并且,在N400上词性与电极位置有显著的交互作用,名词与动词的差异主要存在于左、右半球的额叶和颞叶。本研究结果部分支持了语言表征的神经生物学理论     

青少年大五人格对网络成瘾的影响:家庭功能的中介作用

目的:探究家庭功能在人格特征与网络成瘾之间的中介作用。方法:973名中学生被试完成基本人口学问卷、网络成瘾量表、人格五因素问卷、家庭功能评定量表。结果:(1)人格特征可以显著预测网络成瘾。其中,情绪性人格可以显著正向预测网络成瘾,责任心、宜人性显著负向预测网络成瘾。(2)家庭功能在情绪性、责任心对网络成瘾的影响具有部分中介作用、在宜人性对网络成瘾的影响具有完全中介作用。结论:在治疗中,可针对网络成瘾者的家庭功能进行积极干预,从而减轻其成瘾症状。     

Origin of lattice strain in nanocrystalline materials

A striking feature of nanocrystalline (NC) materials prepared by different techniques is the variation of lattice strain present in the crystallites. A simple model is proposed to account for this phenomenon, which allows the establishment of a quantitative relationship describing the dependence of the crystal lattice strain on the grain size. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental data indicates that the stress field, induced by the excess volume in grain boundaries, is the dominant source of the lattice strain.     

Creative Scientific Problem Finding and Its Developmental Trend

This is a study of the development trend of creative scientific problem finding (CSPF) ability of a sample of 1,367 elementary, middle, and high school students in two Chinese cities. Students were instructed to generate science related questions in both open and closed conditions with responses scored for Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality. Results suggest that CSPF ability has a developmental trend characterized by a significant leap in the 5th grade, followed by a steady advance until it peaked in the 8th grade, and then declined and stabilized in the high school years (9th–11th grades). No difference between male and female students was found. The type of instruction showed significant differential influence on CSPF and its development.     

Seeing Where the Stone Is Thrown by Observing a Point-Light Thrower: Perceiving the Effect of Action Is Enabled by Information,Not Motor Experience

People are very adept at perceiving biological motion (e.g., Johansson, 1973 Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & Psychophysics, 14(2), 201–211.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This ability has been an essential life skill to members of this social species. The human niche during the ice age was socially coordinated hunting for big game. Being able to judge the location targeted by the throw of a conspecific would be a valuable perceptual ability that we now study to investigate 2 competing theories of biological motion perception: Common Coding (CC; Prinz, 1997 Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 129–154.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Kinematic Specification of Dynamics (KSD; Runeson & Frykholm, 1983 Runeson, S., & Frykholm, G. (1983). Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational bias for person-and-action perception: Expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 585–615.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The 2 theories diverge in attributing perceptual ability to either motor or visual experience, respectively. To test predictions of the CC theory, we performed 3 experiments to manipulate observers' specific motor experience while they judged the targeted location of throwing by watching point-light displays. In Experiment 1, we tested whether the identity of the thrower in the display mattered. In Experiment 2, we tested whether the motor expertise of the observer mattered. In Experiment 3, we tested whether the gender/style of throwing demonstrated by the point-light thrower mattered. The combined results failed to support CC theory, suggesting that motor experience is not required for the perception of action. Because all participants judged the target location of throwing quite well, KSD theory suggests that the kinematic information available in the displays may have enabled the perception. We performed Experiment 4 to analyze the information. We found that the judgment pattern exhibited by the observers in both Experiments 1 and 2 was well predicted by the KSD theory. Thus, we concluded that the perception of biological motion is enabled by visual information and improved by visual experience.