词义赋值的模糊统计分析

本工作采用了一种称之为区间统计的模糊统计方法,对三个维度上的量词或分类词作了经验的赋值工作。它们分别涉及差异量词、及完好性和肯定性的分类词。差别量词有‘无’,‘几乎无’,‘较小’,‘中’,‘较大’,‘很大’,‘极大’。完好性分类词有‘劣’,‘差’,‘可’,‘良’,‘优’。有关肯定性的有‘少许’,‘基本’,‘坚决’。文中列出了若干统计的指数。它们相应于每个词义的模糊集隶属函数,心理量表值和模糊度。从所得结果中可以表征,所有给定的语词,除极个别外,都属模糊概念。还可看到:在它们之间有着严格的序关系。在心理量表上,相邻的有序词义之间的距离是不等的,而且各自都有不同的模糊度。     

理解模糊概念的动态特征

本文探讨了不同场合下人脑理解模糊概念(量词、修饰词)的动态特点,并且考察了不同赋值区间(论域)、比较级的基数、上下关联(Context)等变量对理解给定的模糊概念的影响,特别考察了上述问题上的年龄差异。     

Compassion: An east‐west comparison

Compassion is an emotion that occupies a central position in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy while it is often a neglected subject in contemporary western philosophy. This essay is a comparison between an Eastern view of compassion based upon Mahāyāna Buddhist perspectives and a western view of the same emotion. Certain principles found in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy such as the Bodhisattva Ideal, and suffering (dukkha) to name two, are explored for the information they contain about compassion. An essay by Lawrence Blum is taken as representative of a Western view (but not exclusively) and it is analyzed for its shortcomings in light of the Buddhist view. The conclusion briefly describes the value of understanding an eastern view on compassion as a means of filling the void one finds in western medical ethics discourse which focuses so heavily, and redundantly, upon issues such as patient autonomy and paternalism.     

目标设置过程的理性特征分析

本文运用个案研究方法 ,从人类理性的角度分析了企业在不同的生产经营条件下的目标设置方式 ,发现不确定性和目标难度对管理者的目标设置过程有很大的影响。在确定的 ,且任务较容易的情况下 ,目标设置是以一种与理性期望模型相一致的方式进行的 ,而在高度不确定的条件下 ,管理者则倾向于采用渐进适应的模式设置目标。对管理者的经营活动作进一步深入的分析发现 ,在高难度的任务目标情景中 ,决策者更多地从战略的层次 ,而不是从具体的层次上寻求实现目标的途径 ,从而提出了目标难度与实绩的“策略搜索层次”假设     

The temporal structure of spoken sentence comprehension in Chinese

Three experiments with 60 native Chinese speakers were conducted to examine the temporal structure of spoken sentence comprehension in Chinese. In the two sentence-gating experiments, listeners heard sentence fragments of various sizes, either successively or individually, and decided on the agent role of the sentence. In the agent-naming experiment, listeners repeated aloud the sentence agent upon hearing the sentence. Converging evidence was derived from these experiments indicating the usefulness of sentence gating in tapping into the temporal structure of comprehension and in evaluating listeners’ comprehension on the basis of partial information. Results from these experiments show that partial sentence information plays a very important role in Chinese sentence comprehension, and that Chinese listeners integrate incomplete and ungrammatical sentence fragments by reference to complete and grammatical models in the language. It is argued that these processing characteristics reflect properties of the Chinese language in which few morphological, grammatical, and syntactic constraints are placed on the relationships between sentence constituents.     

A faith for all seasons

A FAITH FOR ALL SEASONS:ISLAM AND WESTERN MODERNITY. By Shabbir Akhtar. London: Bellew Publishing, 1990. 251pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN 0–947792–41–4.     

元代江苏文化的再审思

1274年,元军在统帅伯颜统领下南下攻伐南宋.在这期间,蒙古统治者没有采取以往攻伐的策略,原南宋之地因此保持了经济发展的势头,而海运的需要,又江苏成为粮食集散地和出海口,江苏市镇和商品经济得到了长足进步.在经济富裕的基础上,江苏文人有了居住在城镇的便利,随之彼此交流扩大.新的生活方式导致江苏文人生活观念发生改变,带来文化面貌的革新.元末,顾瑛为东道主的草堂雅集等促成了文化中心从杭州移向江苏.元代江苏的文化展现了特殊的时代性和丰富的地方性.     

门静脉血流改变对晚期高位胆管癌的诊断价值

通过探讨正常人与高位胆管癌病人之间的门静脉血流改变,发现两者之间有明显的不同.所以门静脉血流改变在诊断高位胆管癌方面具有重要意义.