Effects of Accuracy Motivation and Anchoring on Metacomprehension Judgment and Accuracy

The current research investigates how accuracy motivation impacts anchoring and adjustment in metacomprehension judgment and how accuracy motivation and anchoring affect metacomprehension accuracy. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions produced by the between-subjects factorial design involving accuracy motivation (incentive or no) and peer performance anchor (95%, 55%, or no). Two studies showed that accuracy motivation did not impact anchoring bias, but the adjustment-from-anchor process occurred. Accuracy incentive increased anchor-judgment gap for the 95% anchor but not for the 55% anchor, which induced less certainty about the direction of adjustment. The findings offer support to the integrative theory of anchoring. Additionally, the two studies revealed a “power struggle” between accuracy motivation and anchoring in influencing metacomprehension accuracy. Accuracy motivation could improve metacomprehension accuracy in spite of anchoring effect, but if anchoring effect is too strong, it could overpower the motivation effect. The implications of the findings were discussed.     

面孔识别过程中多重社会亚范畴的交互作用

认知者往往依据陌生个体面孔所携带的性别、年龄、种族等多重社会范畴信息对其进行加工,以期快速识别和了解他人。在基于面孔识别的多重社会范畴加工过程中,亚范畴间存在着复杂的交互作用。研究者分别采用"Who Said What"范式、重复启动范式、加纳选择注意范式、鼠标追踪范式等方法,发现亚范畴间的内隐加工具有彼此削弱的特性,外显加工存在交互影响的不对称性和偏差性。动态交互理论对此进行了进一步的理论分析与阐释。今后需更加科学地区分社会范畴加工的各个阶段,凸显内隐和外显加工的区别与联系;同时进一步整合各研究范式,克服方法异质导致的结果偏差甚至矛盾。     

Microstructural characterization of the M23C6 carbide in a long-term aged Ni-based superalloy

The microstructural features of M₂₃C₆ carbide in a long-term aged heat- and corrosion-resistant Ni-based superalloy have been investigated in detail using various kinds of transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. It is found that TEM contrast, which is related to structural and chemical inhomogeneities inside the grains, always exists in the interior of grains in the alloy. The structure of these inhomogeneous regions has been determined to be the same as that of the γ′ and t-M₂₃C₆ phases, where t-M₂₃C₆ indicates a transitional and metastable phase. Although possessing the same structure as the M₂₃C₆ phase, the chemical composition of the t-M₂₃C₆ is different from that of the M₂₃C₆ phase. Compared with M₂₃C₆, t-M₂₃C₆ is richer in Ni, Co, Al and Ti but poorer in W, Mo and Cr. This phenomenon of structural and chemical inhomogeneity demonstrates that pristine M₂₃C₆ carbide (p-M₂₃C₆) precipitated in standard heat-treated samples is unstable. Therefore, upon long-term ageing treatment, Ni, Co, Al and Ti may locally enrich inside the p-M₂₃C₆ phase, finally forming the γ′ phase, which can be described by the decomposition reaction p-M₂₃C₆ → M₂₃C₆ + γ′.     

结构化面试中评分量表对评分准确性的影响

采用2(组内变量:量尺大小(25分和9分))×2(组间变量:评分方法(相对和绝对))的混合实验设计探讨评分量表对115名大学生新手评委评分准确性的影响。对于评分准确性,采用Cronbach1955年提出的四个指标,Elevation(EL)、Differential elevation(DE)、Stereotype accuracy(SA)、Differential Accuracy(DA)。结果发现,评分方法只在SA上主效应显著,量尺大小在只在DA上主效应边缘显著,评分方法和量尺大小在DE、SA和DA三个指标上均有交互作用。总体上看,在结构化面试评分中,对于评分准确性,相对评分量表优于绝对评分量表,小量尺量表优于大量尺量表。     

Psychometric properties of the Padua Inventory in Chinese college samples

The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Padua Inventory in Chinese college samples. Three different samples (N1 = 1,939, N2 = 1,341, and N3 = 298) of Chinese college students were recruited. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a four-factor structure which was similar to that found in previous studies. Further, present results showed good internal consistency as well as convergent and divergent validity with the subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Although no sex difference was found on total score, women had significantly higher scores on Factor 2 (Urges and worries of losing control over motor behaviors) and Factor 4 (Checking), while men had significantly higher scores on Factor 3 (Contamination). Implications of ter the results and directions for research are discussed.     

小学生调节聚焦对生活满意度的影响:压力应对方式的中介作用

采用调节聚焦问卷、压力应对方式问卷和生活满意度问卷对北京市五所学校1174名小学生进行调查, 考察调节聚焦对小学生压力应对方式、生活满意度的影响, 并检验应对方式在调节聚焦和生活满意度之间的中介作用。结果发现:(1)促进定向对小学生生活满意度有显著正向预测作用, 预防定向对生活满意度有显著负向预测作用;(2)积极应对和促进定向更相关, 消极应对和预防定向更相关;(3)积极应对在促进定向和生活满意度之间起着完全中介的作用, 积极应对、消极应对均在预防定向和生活满意度之间起着部分中介的作用。     

阈上阈下不同面孔表情下的注视线索提示效应

为考察阈上、阈下不同面孔表情下的注视线索提示效应, 实验以阈上和阈下面孔的不同注视朝向为提示线索, 同时变化面孔表情, 要求被试迅速和准确地对随后出现的靶刺激(大写字母)的呈现位置做出判断。结果显示, 在阈上呈现条件下, 注视线索提示效应显著, 且该效应不受面孔表情的影响。在阈下呈现条件下, 注视线索提示效应显著, 但该效应受到了面孔表情的调节, 表现为在注视线索无效时, 判断目标位置所需反应时在正性、负性面孔表情下显著长于中性面孔条件。上述结果说明, 阈上知觉时, 面孔表情虽被清晰感知, 但个体自上而下的控制机制使其被忽略, 因而未能影响个体的注意偏向; 阈下知觉时, 面孔表情得到自动加工, 并影响了个体的注意偏向。     

关于建立“道的养生学”的几点思考

养生学是一门关于养生的学问,在道家道教的传统里,有非常系统的关于养生的理论和方法,所以,建立一门"道的养生学"是有深厚的理论与实践基础的。同时,这门学问的学术意义和现实意义也很重大。     

社会技术系统论视角下的工程伦理学研究

20世纪以来,STS研究中的技术研究从技术决定论、技术的社会建构论向技术与社会共同塑造理论的转变,在一定意义上促进了对于工程伦理学研究的反思。诞生于这一学术运动中的社会技术系统论,有助于从关注社会技术系统复杂性的视角对传统工程伦理学的外在主义进路进行批判。基于社会技术系统论建立的解释—操作—对话模型,是开展社会技术系统语境下的工程伦理学研究的一项积极尝试。     

道德建设与现代化进程--第13次中韩伦理学研讨会综述

中国伦理学会、江苏省社科联、江苏行政学院和南京师范大学共同主办的“第13次中韩伦理学研讨会”,于2005年4月18日至19日在南京师范大学召开。来自韩国、日本、新加坡以及国内众多高校和研究机构的伦理学学者共一百五十余人参加了此次研讨会。与会学者围绕“道德建设与现代化”这一主题,以大会发言和分论坛讨论的形式展开了广泛而深入的讨论。主要内容综述如下。一、和谐社会建设现代化进程中的和谐社会建设是与会代表广为关注的热点问题之一。与会学者从和谐社会的内涵、伦理基础、建设路径等方面发表了各自的见解。1.和谐社会的内涵。学…