视障学生意识与无意识在文字材料记忆中的贡献

本实验采用3×2×2×2的四因素混合设计,通过加工分离程序(PDP)的包含和排除测验,计算意识和无意识的贡献大小。结果表明,⑴在不同的材料类型上,意识和无意识贡献差异极其显著,意识的贡献低于无意识的贡献;⑵视障学生和正常学生意识和无意识贡献之间差异不显著;⑶年龄因素的差异也不显著     

俞琰生年卒年考

俞琰是宋末元初著名的易学家和道教学者,很多学者曾从道教内丹修炼和易学史的角度对俞琰进行了较为深入的研究,可是对其生年卒年却无法得出较为一致的明确结论.本稿考察了与俞琰有关的各类文献,对俞琰的生年卒年作出了较为详尽的考订.     

六朝灵宝经中的葛仙公(上)

本文参考了大渊忍尔、小林正美、柏夷(Stephen R. Bokenkamp)和王承文等人的研究成果,以现存灵宝经(《道藏》本、敦煌抄本)所见葛玄的材料为中心,考察了灵宝经与佛教教理、上清派道经及天师道的思想关系。因篇幅关系,译文分两次刊出。     

不是“废除”，而要“完善和加强”

去年11月15日,中国科学院自然科学史所研究员宋正海通过电子邮件发出倡议信,题目是《不要让"伪科学"一词成为灭亡传统文化的借口》,     

Cultural Differences in the Self: From Philosophy to Psychology and Neuroscience

Different thinking styles in Westerners and Chinese (analytic vs. holistic) lead to disparities between the two cultures not only in perception and attention but also in high‐level social cognition such as self‐representation. Most Western philosophers discussed the self by focusing on personal self‐identity, whereas Chinese philosophers emphasized the relation between the self and others. Dissimilar philosophical thinking of the self is associated with distinct cognitive styles of self‐representation (i.e., the independent self in Westerners and the interdependent self in Chinese). Recent brain imaging studies found that Westerners employed the medial prefrontal cortex to represent only the individual self, whereas Chinese utilized the same brain area to represent both the self and close others, providing neural basis of cultural differences in self‐representation. We suggest that the cultural differences in thinking styles between Westerners and Chinese influence both psychological and neural structure of self‐representation.     

Conflict Resolution in Chinese Adolescents' Friendship: Links with Regulatory Focus and Friendship Satisfaction

It is generally acknowledged that people adopt different resolution strategies when facing conflicts with others. However, the mechanisms of conflict resolution are still unclear and under researched, in particular within the context of Chinese adolescents' same-sex friendship relations. Thus, the present study investigated the mediator role of conflict resolution strategies in the relationship between regulatory foci and friendship satisfaction for the first time. 653 Chinese adolescents completed the regulatory foci, conflict resolution style, and friendship satisfaction measures. The results of the structure equation modeling showed that while promotion focus was positively associated with problem-solving and compliance, prevention focus was positively associated with withdrawal and conflict engagement. In addition, problem-solving mediated the relationship between promotion focus and friendship satisfaction, and conflict engagement mediated the relationship between prevention focus and friendship satisfaction. These findings contribute to understanding Chinese adolescents' use of conflict resolution strategies as well as the relationship between regulatory foci and behavioral strategies in negative situations.     

Social contexts modulate neural responses in the processing of others’ pain: An event-related potential study

Two hypotheses have been proposed regarding the response that is triggered by observing others’ pain: the “empathizing hypothesis” and the “threat value of pain hypothesis.” The former suggests that observing others’ pain triggers an empathic response. The latter suggests that it activates the threat-detection system. In the present study, participants were instructed to observe pictures that showed an anonymous hand or foot in a painful or non-painful situation in a threatening or friendly social context. Event-related potentials were recorded when the participants passively observed these pictures in different contexts. We observed an interaction between context and picture in the early automatic N1 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the threatening context and not in the friendly context. We also observed an interaction between context and picture in the late P3 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the friendly context and not in the threatening context. These results indicate that specific social contexts can modulate the neural responses to observing others’ pain. The “empathic hypothesis” and “threat value of pain hypothesis” are not mutually exclusive and do not contradict each other but rather work in different temporal stages.