儿童青少年心理素质研究30年:回顾与展望

作为具有中国特色的心理学研究,心理素质已有30多年的研究历程,对其进行系统的回顾与展望,既是出于梳理总结以往研究得失的考虑,也是将心理素质研究推向新的高度的必然需要。首先,本文阐述了心理素质研究产生的背景,并详述了心理素质概念、结构和测量工具的提出、完善和成型的历程;其次,在整理以往研究的基础上,系统阐述了心理素质的发展特点及其形成和作用机制;最后,阐述了心理素质研究成果的学术影响及推广应用,并对心理素质的未来研究进行了展望。     

国家公务员录用面试初步研究

本文结合湖北省公务员考试的实践对公务员录用面试进行了初步研究。本研究从参与 1 997年湖北省省直公务员考试的 3 9个部门中抽取了 8个部门共 1 5 3名被试的面试数据 ,分析表明 ,在本研究所采用的结构化面试中 ,测评要素间具有较高的一致性 ,经过严格培训的考官的评分者信度是可靠和有效的。本研究还对如何设计、实施此类面试提出了有益的建议。     

Laboratory Replication of Scientific Discovery Processes

Fourteen subjects were tape-recorded while they undertook to find a law to summarize numerical data they were given. The source of the data was not identified, nor were the variables labeled semantically. Unknown to the subjects, the data were measurements of the distances of the planets from the sun and the periods of their revolutions about it—equivalent to the data used by Johannes Kepler to discover his third law of planetary motion. Four of the 14 subjects discovered the same law as Kepler did (the period varies as the 3/2 power of the distance), and a fifth came very close to the answer. The subiects' protocols provide a detailed picture of the problem-solving searches they engaged in, which were mainly, but not exclusively, in the space of possible functions for fitting the data, and provide explanations as to why some succeeded and the others failed. The search heuristics used by the subjects are similar to those embodied in the BACON program, computer simulation of certain scientific discovery processes. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of examining some of the processes of scientific discovery by recreating, in the laboratory, discovery situations of substantial historical relevance. It demonstrates also, that under conditions rather similar to those of the original discoverer, a law can be rediscovered by persons of ordinary intelligence (i.e., the intelligence needed for academic success in a good university). The data for the successful subjects reveal no “creative” processes in this kind of a discovery situation different from those that are regularly observed in all kinds of problem-solving settings.     

感情经历、失恋角色对恋爱认知-情绪分辨能力的影响

为探究失恋后个体所出现的认知和情绪状况的原因,本研究考察了不同感情经历个体以及失恋个体中主动失恋和被动失恋者对"恋爱事件"的记忆和陈述方式的特征。方法:招募113名被试,根据感情经历和现状分为四组(失恋后单身45人,失恋后恋爱23人,从未失恋现恋爱11人,从未失恋现单身34人),失恋角色(主动36人、被动32人),使用多维尺度分析技术测量个体的认知-情绪分辨能力。结果 :四组中只有失恋后单身组且被动失恋的个体记忆方式中混淆了恋爱的认知和情绪成分,表现出较低的认知-情绪分辨能力。结论:(1)失恋后的再恋爱能够修复因失恋带来的混淆感;(2)失恋事件中的被动方往往比主动方体验到更多的混淆感。     

The moderating role of interviewer's regulatory focus in the effectiveness of impression management tactics: Regulatory fit as a source of subjective value

Based on the recently explored regulatory fit effect in social contexts, the present research is the first to investigate the interaction between interviewer's regulatory focus and interviewee's impression management (IM) tactics. We hypothesized that assertive and defensive IM tactics would fit with interviewer's promotion and prevention focus, respectively, and that interviewer's experience of this regulatory fit would lead to enhanced interview evaluation. We conducted four studies in which the participants were asked to rate an interviewee after reading a list of the interviewee's IM-related behaviours or watching a videotaped interview. Additionally, the participant's regulatory focus was operationalized as both an induced situational state and a measured chronic trait. The results supported our hypotheses by showing a significant interaction of the interviewer's regulatory focus and the IM tactics on interview evaluation: the promotion-assertive and the prevention-defensive ratings were more positive than the prevention-assertive and the promotion-defensive ratings. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed that the interaction exerts its effects on interview evaluation by providing interviewers with an intrapersonal regulatory fit experience.