Matter in its ‘infinity’

Consistent application of dialectical materialism leads Marxism-Leninism to the assertion that matter is infinite in its properties. However, the history of physics shows that the various levels of matter possess geometric dimensions that originate at the lowest level and continue through the others. The search for absolute natural constants — which Planck called the most pleasant task of physics — shows the conviction of the physicists that there is a limit to the parameters, a limit beyond which matter is no longer divisible. Translated by T. J. BLAKELEY     

Entertaining Each Other?

Television (TV) is reemerging as a focal point for common experiences and community formation through the use of various digital technologies while viewing. A prominent example of this is second screening, or the use of various technologies to share reactions to and attitudes and opinions about what we see and hear while watching TV with other (virtual) viewers. We contend that second screening requires communication scholars to rethink the nature of the TV entertainment experience, as the practice increasingly blurs lines between interpersonal and mass communication processes. In this article, we introduce a conceptual model designed to identify key issues to be considered and addressed by those seeking to better understand entertainment experiences during socially shared TV viewing.     

Impact of School Psychological Environment Variables on Happiness of Korean Youths

Abstract: This study analyzed the structural relationships between school‐related psychological variables (teacher support, learning flow, friendship) and the happiness of Korean youths, and compared structural equation models for middle and high schools. Questionnaire data were collected from students in middle and high schools in 10 cities and provinces of Korea. The final data set from 870 students was analyzed with Amos 20.0. Goodness of fit indices for the hypothetical model were good, and all paths were significant. That is, a model incorporating indirect and direct impact of school‐related psychological environment variables, such as teacher support, learning flow, and friendship, on the happiness of Korean youths is valid. Second, structural equation models for middle and high schools demonstrated significant differences. Therefore, different types of assistance are needed to increase the happiness of students in middle schools and high schools.     

It's not you,it's them: Social influences on trust propensity and trust dynamics

Scholars agree that trust primarily has two bases: trustworthiness—the extent to which a trustee is competent, honest, and has goodwill toward the trustor—and trust propensity—a stable trait reflecting the trustor's generalized belief that others can be trusted. Due to this trait characterization, the literature has largely reached a consensus that trust propensity is only an important base of trust in the earliest stage of a relationship—before information on trustworthiness has been gathered. Additionally, the trait conceptualization of trust propensity inhibits it from being modeled as an explanatory mechanism. Drawing on accessibility theory, a theory of trait activation, we argue that trust propensity has state‐like characteristics that are “activated” by the daily treatment an employee receives from coworkers. Our model highlights that the social context—predominantly ignored in prior trust research because of its lack of relevance to dyadic perceptions of trustworthiness—can have a substantial impact on dyadic trust. Across two multisource experience sampling methodology studies, we provide evidence that state trust propensity transmits the effects of citizenship and deviance received to trust in a focal coworker, whether that focal coworker is a source of that treatment or not. We also address how general levels of workplace unfairness—a between‐person construct—influence these dynamics. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these within‐person dynamics for fostering trust within organizations.     

Instructed Hand Movements Affect Students’ Learning of an Abstract Concept From Video

Producing content-related gestures has been found to impact students’ learning, whether such gestures are spontaneously generated by the learner in the course of problem-solving, or participants are instructed to pose based on experimenter instructions during problem-solving and word learning. Few studies, however, have investigated the effect of (a) performing instructed gestures while learning concepts or (b) producing gestures without there being an implied connection between the gestures and the concepts being learned. The two studies reported here investigate the impact of instructed hand movements on students’ subsequent understanding of a concept. Students were asked to watch an instructional video—focused on the concept of statistical model—three times. Two experimental groups were given a secondary task to perform while watching the video, which involved moving their hands to mimic the placement and orientation of red rectangular bars overlaid on the video. Students were told that the focus of the study was multitasking, and that the instructed hand movements were unrelated to the material being learned. In the content-match group the placement of the hands reinforced the concept being explained, and in the content-mismatch group it did not. A control group was not asked to perform a secondary task. In both studies, findings indicate that students in the content-match group performed better on the posttest, and showed less variation in performance, than did students in the content-mismatch group, with control students falling in between. Instructed hand movement—even when presented as an unrelated, secondary task—can affect students’ learning of a complex concept.     

《伊斯兰教朝觐事务管理办法》解读

2020年8月27日,国家宗教事务局、外交部、公安部、文化和旅游部、国家卫生健康委员会、海关总署、国家市场监督管理总局、中国民用航空局令公布了《伊斯兰教朝觐事务管理办法》(以下简称《办法》),自2020年12月1日起实施。《办法》的公布实施,对于深入贯彻落实新修订《宗教事务条例》,规范伊斯兰教朝觐事务管理,保持朝觐活动正常秩序,维护民族团结和社会和谐,具有重要意义。     

小学低年级学生自我监控与监控他人的发展研究

元认知监控包括自我监控和监控他人。本研究用两个实验分别探讨了小学低年级学生自我监控和监控他人之间的关系及其发展趋势。实验一采用100以内加减法的计算任务,来探讨小学低年级学生的自我监测和监测他人。实验二采用难度不同、分值不同的计算任务,来探讨学生的自我控制和控制他人。研究发现:第一,小学低年级学生的自我监测和监测他人都会以前期任务表现为依据,支持MPT假说。而且,自我监测和监测他人都在二年级表现出了明显的转化和提高。第二,小学低年级学生在监测他人时,逐渐由以自我信息为依据调整到以他人认知状态为依据。第三,元认知控制能力的发展落后于监测能力。二年级和三年级学生仍旧不能很合理地进行自我执行和计划他人。     

青少年未来取向问卷中文版的测量学分析

介绍了芬兰著名心理学家J.-E.Nurmi等人编制的未来取向问卷,并考察了其在中国文化背景中的适用性。未来取向问卷中文版的测量学分析表明,该问卷题目具有较好的内部一致性和稳定性;采用探索性因素分析考察了计划过程分问卷的结构效度、以自尊和抑郁作为该问卷各指标的效标考察了问卷的效标效度,结果表明,该问卷具有较好的效度,适合在中国青少年中使用。     

The antinomy of science and democracy in modern China

Up to now Chinese academia has been addicted to inviting the twin goddesses of democracy and science, but has regrettably ignored the innate incongruity between them, which has led to the rise of scientism. May 4th pioneers first introduced this value system, but tension between these values subsequently led to a prevailing preference for science over freedom. The early Marxists defined freedom as obedience to social laws formulated in Marxist ‘science’, while Maoism finalized the Sinicization of Marxism with a belief in iron‐bound social laws and in human beings as mere political means, mercilessly suppressing any expression of free will.