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231.
短期目标和长期目标设置对投篮成绩,努力程度和状态焦虑的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
这篇论文调查了短期目标和长期目标对投篮成绩、努力程度和状态焦虑的影响.87名被试被随机分配到以下一个组中:(1)短期目标组,(2)长期目标组,(3)短期和长期目标结合组,(4)“尽力做好”组。实验时间为7周。研究结果显示:(1)结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩显著优于“尽力做好”组;(2)结合目标组的投篮成绩提高幅度最大,其次是短期目标组和长期目标组,最后是“尽力做好”组,(3)结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩随练习次数的增加而显著提高,(4)努力程度是结合目标组和短期目标组投篮成绩提高的调节变量。 相似文献
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233.
Jiří Marek 《Studies in East European Thought》1977,17(1):63-80
History and the philosophy of science have played a very important role in dialectical materialism; their results have been destined to support the correctness of the ideas of Marxist philosophers, especially in their application in historical materialism.From this point of view, the circumstances of the origin of the works of the Marxist classics cannot be neglected: Engels wrote hisDialectics in Nature in the period of classical physics, and Lenin published hisMaterialism and Empirio-Criticism at the beginning of the 20th century when our modern physics first began: shortly before the publication of Lenin's book, Röntgen and Becquerel discovered new kinds of radiation, Balmer published his ideas concerning the regularity of the hydrogen spectrum, Plank wrote his first articles about the elementary quantum and Einstein published his three famous articles (1905).During this period, physicists themselves did not understand their results, so important for the further development of physics. In this atmosphere of uncertainty, Lenin — a lawyer and politician — undertook his attempt to criticise the ideas of physicists.We trace one misinterpretation by Lenin of these ideas from books by Mach and Helmholtz. 相似文献
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Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is a useful tool for investigating the interrelationships among dummy-coded categorical variables. MCA has been combined with clustering methods to examine whether there exist heterogeneous subclusters of a population, which exhibit cluster-level heterogeneity. These combined approaches aim to classify either observations only (one-way clustering of MCA) or both observations and variable categories (two-way clustering of MCA). The latter approach is favored because its solutions are easier to interpret by providing explicitly which subgroup of observations is associated with which subset of variable categories. Nonetheless, the two-way approach has been built on hard classification that assumes observations and/or variable categories to belong to only one cluster. To relax this assumption, we propose two-way fuzzy clustering of MCA. Specifically, we combine MCA with fuzzy k-means simultaneously to classify a subgroup of observations and a subset of variable categories into a common cluster, while allowing both observations and variable categories to belong partially to multiple clusters. Importantly, we adopt regularized fuzzy k-means, thereby enabling us to decide the degree of fuzziness in cluster memberships automatically. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach through the analysis of simulated and real data, in comparison with existing two-way clustering approaches. 相似文献
236.
The general aim of this study is to validate the cognitive relevance of the geometric model used in the semantic atlases (SA). With this goal in mind, we compare the results obtained by the automatic contexonym organizing model (ACOM)—an SA-derived model for word sense representation based on contextual links—with human subjects’ responses on a word association task. We begin by positioning the geometric paradigm with respect to the hierarchical paradigm (WordNet) and the vector paradigm (latent semantic analysis [LSA] and the hyperspace analogue to language model). Then we compare ACOM’s responses with Hirsh and Tree’s (2001) word association norms based on the responses of two groups of subjects. The results showed that words associated by 50% or more of the Hirsh and Tree subjects were also proposed by ACOM (e.g., 71% of the words in the norms were also given by ACOM). Finally, we compare ACOM and LSA on the basis of the same association norms. The results indicate better performance for the geometric model. 相似文献
237.
攻击性儿童的P300事件相关电位研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用听觉P300任务对攻击性儿童(17人,其中16名男孩,1名女孩)与对照组的正常儿童( 人数与性别分布同攻击组)的事件相关电位(ERP)进行比较,发现攻击性儿童P30 0的潜伏期较长,波幅尤其是额部波幅较小,表明攻击性个体存在认知加工缺陷,特别是选择性注意与调控机能缺陷.研究结果同时表明P300可以作为鉴别攻击性个体的一个可靠指标. 相似文献
238.
Development in any domain is often characterized by increasingly abstract representations. Recent evidence in the domain of shape recognition provides one example; between 18 and 24 months children appear to build increasingly abstract representations of object shape [Smith, L. B. (2003). Learning to recognize objects. Psychological Science, 14, 244-250]. Abstraction is in part simplification because it requires the removal of irrelevant information. At the same time, part of generalization is ignoring irrelevant differences. The resulting prediction is this: simplification may enable generalization. Four experiments asked whether simple training instances could shortcut the process of abstraction and directly promote appropriate generalization. Toddlers were taught novel object categories with either simple or complex training exemplars. We found that children who learned with simple objects were able to generalize according to shape similarity, typically relevant for early object categories, better than those who learned with complex objects. Abstraction is the product of learning; using simplified - already abstracted instances - can short-cut that learning, leading to robust generalization. 相似文献
239.
DING Ji 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2012,7(2):217
Zhuzi (Zhu Xi), Zhang Nanxuan and Lü Donglai continued a discussion begun by Hu Wufeng and his disciples on the subject of “knowing the form of benevolence,” and “seeking for a true mind in an absent one.” One result of their discussion was to make people realize that innately good knowledge and ability are not only manifested in loving one’s parents and respecting one’s elders, but also in the simple acts of drinking when thirsty and eating when hungry. This generated the idea of “manifestation range of innately good knowledge and ability.” However, another conclusion of this discussion claimed that if the desire to drink and eat or the king of Qi’s grudging an ox are included in this range, there would be a danger of viewing innately good knowledge and ability merely as inborn human nature or instinct. This discussion reveals an unsteady relationship between innately good knowledge and ability and the feeling of commiseration, which are sometimes united and sometimes separate. 相似文献
240.
药物不良反应补偿体系国际比较研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
药品在治疗疾病过程中有着不可或缺的作用,但药品在使用过程中也往往容易发生药物不良反应,并造成患者很重的经济负担,很多国家都针对药品不良反应建立救济保险制度。从基金筹资、补偿制度、管理等角度对国际上几个国家的药物不良反应补偿体系进行分析,以期我们在建立自己相应的药物不良反应补偿体系时有所借鉴。 相似文献