黄老学派“类法治”思想探析

黄老思想是战国时期兴起的一个哲学政治思想,一方面其强调"道生法",主张法律的道德基础、强调法律的权威与作用;另一方面主张"循法而治",并提出君主"无为而治",弱化统治者的主观能动性,防止统治者对法律的侵害。相对于中国古代的法家、儒家等其它学派法律思想,其法律思想更接近于西方的法治思想,对我国今天的法治建设有一定的现实借鉴意义。     

中美教学医院门诊病历管理对比研究

通过文献检索、走访调研并结合笔者时美国教学医院门诊病历管理的实地考察,本文对中美两国教学医院人员对门诊病历管理的认识理念、门诊病历管理的方式、病历的规范设计以及门诊病历的质量控制等方面进行了对比研究.显示我国教学医院在门诊病历管理方面与发达国家存在着差距.从提高临床医疗和医学教学质量、有利于患者疾病的诊治和培养当代优秀医务工作者,促进医学科学技术发展出发,教学医院管理者和临床指导医生应高度重视和规范门诊病历管理.     

3～4岁儿童攻击行为发展的追踪研究

对163名幼儿园小班儿童进行追踪观察,考察3-4岁期间儿童攻击行为的特点、发展模式及稳定性。主要获得以下结果：儿童最普遍的攻击形式是身体攻击．言语攻击和间接攻击的发生率较低;大多数攻击行为属于主动性攻击和工具性攻击;男孩的攻击行为总体上多于女孩．但女孩的间接攻击多于男孩;儿童的攻击性在3-4岁之间无显著变化,但敌意性攻击存在随年龄增长而增加的趋势;3-4岁儿童攻击性的个别差异已具有明显的稳定性。     

成人后期日常能力自评与操作水平的横断比较

采用自我评估与纸笔操作相结合的方法 ,对 2 3 3名 55至 74岁的成人后期被试完成七项日常活动的能力进行横断比较。结果表明 :自评能力与操作能力既存在一定的一致性 ,也存在相当大的差异性 ,各活动项目上的自评水平比操作水平要高 ;操作水平表现出随年龄增长而下降的趋势 ,从 70岁开始下降最为明显 ,而自评水平未呈现出这种变化特点 ;不同活动领域上的操作水平存在不同的发展轨迹 ;在少数活动领域具有显著的性别差异     

Training-induced and electrically induced potentiation in the neocortex

Long-term potentiation (LTP) shares many properties with memory and is currently the most popular laboratory model of memory. Although it has not been proven that memory is based on an LTP-like mechanism, there is evidence that learning a motor skill can induce LTP-like effects. This evidence was obtained in a slice-preparation experiment, which precluded within-animal comparisons before and after training. In the present experiments, Long-Evans rats were unilaterally trained to acquire a forelimb reaching and grasping skill. Evoked potentials were found to be larger in motor cortex layer II/III in the trained, compared to the untrained, hemisphere in slice, acute, and chronic preparations. Consistent with previous research, the trained hemisphere was less amenable to subsequent LTP induction. Furthermore, the application of either LTP- or LTD-inducing stimulation during the training phase of the reaching task disrupted the acquisition of the skill, providing further evidence that memory may be based on an LTP mechanism.     

Is it culture or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization

Differences in reasoning styles between Chinese and European Americans held even when controlling for the language of testing. Bilingual Chinese organized objects in a more relational and less categorical way than European Americans, whether tested in English or in Chinese. Thus, culture affects categorization independent of the testing language. Nevertheless, language affected some Chinese bilinguals' categorization. The responses of Chinese from the Mainland and Taiwan were more relational when tested in Chinese than when tested in English. Responses of Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore were equally relational when tested in Chinese and in English. Age and context of learning English are discussed to explain the differential language effects among different Chinese groups. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.     

Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment

East Asian cognition has been held to be relatively holistic; that is, attention is paid to the field as a whole. Western cognition, in contrast, has been held to be object focused and control oriented. In this study East Asians (mostly Chinese) and Americans were compared on detection of covariation and field dependence. The results showed the following: (a) Chinese participants reported stronger association between events, were more responsive to differences in covariation, and were more confident about their covariation judgments; (b) these cultural differences disappeared when participants believed they had some control over the covariation judgment task; (c) American participants made fewer mistakes on the Rod-and-Frame Test, indicating that they were less field dependent; (d) American performance and confidence, but not that of Asians, increased when participants were given manual control of the test. Possible origins of the perceptual differences are discussed.     

Regional grey matter volume in the posterior cingulate cortex predicts positive risk-taking: A moderation model

Positive risk-taking is a crucial element of individual creativity and social development. However, little is known regarding the relation between individual neural differences and positive risk-taking. In addition, critical thinking (CT) and gender have been proven to be two important individual-specific factors associated with risk-taking behaviour, and different levels of CT and gender may have diverse effects on the relationship between brain structure and positive risk-taking. The present study examined the relationship between positive risk-taking and regional grey matter volume (rGMV) in 292 healthy participants. The results showed that positive risk-taking was significantly positively associated with the rGMV of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). In addition, this study investigated individual differences in critical thinking and found that it moderated the relationship between rGMV and positive risk-taking. Individuals with lower CT had a stronger association between rGMV and positive risk-taking. Further analysis showed that for males, a greater rGMV was significantly linked to higher positive risk-taking tendency. These findings suggest that PCC evaluates risk and serves as a behavioural adaptation hub for positive risk-taking. This study thereby contributes to the literature on individual differences in brain structure and risk-taking by elucidating the moderating effects of CT and gender in healthy adults.     

语义的自动加工和选择性注意对Stroop效应的影响

本实验用正常人和聋哑人作被试进行比较,试图探讨语义的自动加工和选择性注意对Stroop效应的影响。将“红”“绿”“黄”“蓝”四个汉字中的每一个都用这四种颜色中的三种写成,然后按着事先排列好的顺序,分组呈现,并且在两种条件下分别要求被试延迟不同的时间进行反应,一种是刺激呈现前就告诉被试对“字”或“色”反应;另一种是刺激呈现后间隔不同的时间再向被试提出对“字”或“色”反应。实验结果发现,聋哑人和正常人在色—字干扰任务作业上没有明显的差异,说明语义的自动加工是一个普遍现象;而选择性注意能在很大的程度上改善被试的作业成绩,但颜色命名仍比字词反应困难;Stroop效应在延迟反应条件下发生变化,这种变化说明Stroop效应与记忆过程有联系。